Climate Migration in the Horn of Africa: A Study of the Relationship between Climate Change, Migration, and Adaptation Strategies among Pastoral Communities

Abstract

The Horn of Africa, characterized by arid and semi-arid climates, is increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and extreme weather events. These environmental changes disproportionately affect pastoral communities reliant on natural resources. While traditional knowledge has long guided their adaptation, its effectiveness is now challenged by rapid climate shifts and socio-political factors. This study examines the interaction between climate change, migration, and adaptation strategies among pastoralists, identifying gaps in current research and evaluating the role of indigenous knowledge in resilience-building efforts. A systematic review of 45 peer-reviewed articles, reports, and policy documents from 2013 to 2022 was conducted, sourcing data from JSTOR, Scopus, and Google Scholar with keywords like "climate migration" and "traditional knowledge." Thematic analysis revealed that resource scarcity, particularly water and pasture shortages, drives cross-border migration. Although traditional practices such as seasonal grazing and ecological forecasting remain vital, they are increasingly strained by climate unpredictability and external pressures like land encroachment and modernization. Government policies often neglect indigenous practices, further marginalising pastoralists. Conflicts over dwindling resources and limited institutional support deepen vulnerabilities, exposing the limitations of relying solely on traditional systems. The study emphasises the need for hybrid strategies combining traditional knowledge with scientific innovations and inclusive policies. Recommendations include strengthening community resource management, fostering cross-border cooperation, and amplifying pastoralist voices in climate responses to enhance resilience