Adapting Mobile Technology to Enhance Access to Quality, Equitable and Inclusive Education in Fragile Contexts: The Case of Kakuma Refugee Camp Primary Schools

Abstract

This study investigated the use of mobile technology to enhance quality, equitable, and inclusive education in primary schools within Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp. Its objectives were to examine the influence of digital tools on teaching and learning experiences, assess learners' and teachers’ digital competencies and needs, and to seek views on how a toolkit and guidelines can be developed for the purpose of optimizing mobile technology use in refugee learning centers. The target population entailed 24 primary schools, 645 teachers ,164000 leaners and 1 education officer. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were gathered from 89 participants—including learners, teachers, head teachers, and an education officer—through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Both random and purposive sampling strategies were applied. The findings indicate that mobile digital devices significantly enhance educational access, engagement, and interaction in refugee settings. However, to translate this potential into improved learning outcomes, the study underscores the need for an integrated strategy. This includes creating culturally appropriate and engaging content, equipping teachers with the necessary skills, ensuring the technology is age- and language-sensitive, expanding access to quality devices, and incorporating inclusive features. Recognizing the complex challenges of Kakuma—such as inadequate power supply, weak internet infrastructure, and overcrowded learning environments—the research advocates for a context-specific guidelines. This guide should extend beyond technical instructions to include pedagogical strategies aligned with the unique needs and constraints of refugee learners and educators. Significantly, the study positions mobile technology not as a standalone solution but as a catalyst for educational equity and inclusion when implemented thoughtfully and systematically.