Documentation of the Significance of Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in the Conservation of the Malindi–Watamu–Arabuko Sokoke Biosphere Reserve

Abstract

This study examines the role of local and indigenous knowledge systems (LINKS) in the conservation of the Malindi–Watamu–Arabuko Sokoke Biosphere Reserve (MWASBR) in Kenya. The biosphere reserve is of significant ecological importance, encompassing coastal forests, coral reefs, mangroves, and diverse marine ecosystems. Despite its value, MWASBR faces escalating pressures from deforestation, overfishing, poverty, and climate change. Indigenous knowledge, developed and transmitted over generations, offers important insights and strategies for sustainable natural resource management. Using data from 150 completed questionnaires, field observations, and a review of relevant literature, the study investigated existing indigenous conservation practices, the challenges faced by local communities, and potential pathways for integrating traditional knowledge systems into contemporary conservation frameworks. The findings reveal a high level of awareness among respondents of indigenous practices, including the use of medicinal plants, protection of sacred groves, mangrove conservation, traditional fishing regulations, weather forecasting based on natural indicators, and the preservation of oral traditions. However, the continuity of these practices is increasingly threatened by climate change, resource over exploitation, and the erosion of traditional knowledge. Respondents identified key solutions such as strengthening community education, engaging youth, promoting alternative livelihoods, and formally documenting indigenous knowledge to ensure its transmission. This research highlights the critical importance of recognizing indigenous knowledge as a fundamental component of biodiversity conservation. Integrating LINKS with scientific approaches can enhance ecosystem management, strengthen community participation, and support national and international conservation objectives, including those of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. The study concludes that empowering local communities while safeguarding cultural heritage is essential for ensuring the long-term resilience and sustainability of MWASBR.