Whose Blue Economy? Power and Coastal Livelihood Struggles in Tanzania

Abstract

This study investigates the implications of blue economy policies on the livelihoods of coastal communities in Tanzania, with a particular focus on small-scale fishing communities. The objective was to explore how recent blue economy interventions influence access to marine resources, income generation, and overall well-being. A qualitative research approach was employed, involving 26 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions conducted in Mbegani (Bagamoyo District) and the Ferry landing site (Kigamboni District). Data were analysed using content analysis. The findings indicate that blue economy interventions, particularly port development and the establishment of marine protected areas, have significantly disrupted local livelihoods. These interventions have restricted access to traditional fishing grounds, led to displacement, reduced fish catches, increased operational costs, and heightened conflicts between fishers and regulatory authorities. Additionally, limited community participation in decision-making processes has further exacerbated marginalisation. The study concludes that, despite their developmental promises, current blue economy policies tend to prioritise economic and conservation objectives over the livelihoods and rights of coastal communities. From a political ecology perspective, these outcomes reflect underlying power asymmetries in marine resource governance. The study calls for the adoption of more inclusive and participatory policy frameworks that recognise and protect the rights of small-scale fishers. It also calls for improved transparency in decision-making, fair compensation mechanisms, and the development of alternative livelihood strategies to ensure that blue economy initiatives contribute to equitable and sustainable development.