Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO

Investigating the Influence of Organization Management on Service Delivery at Kenya Defence Forces Medical Insurance Scheme (DEFMIS)

2025-01-04T11:06:57+03:00

Globally, organizations are continually seeking innovative strategies to enhance service delivery, particularly in the healthcare sector. Effective organizational management, encompassing leadership, organizational culture, and structure, is essential for achieving service efficiency and quality. The Kenya Defence Forces Medical Insurance Scheme (DEFMIS), established to provide healthcare services to retired KDF personnel and their dependents, faces persistent challenges in service delivery. These challenges are attributed to its leadership style, organizational culture, and centralized structure. This study investigates the influence of organizational management on service delivery at DEFMIS, focusing on leadership, culture, and structure. Using a quantitative approach, data was collected from 378 respondents, including retired KDF personnel, DEFMIS management, and healthcare providers. Analysis revealed that organizational culture had the strongest positive correlation with service delivery (r = 0.525, p < 0.01), followed by leadership (r = 0.378, p < 0.01), while structure had a weaker but significant correlation (r = 0.204, p < 0.01). The findings indicate that DEFMIS’s military-oriented culture and centralized structure hinder service efficiency. The study recommends adopting transformational leadership to foster innovation, decentralizing structures to improve responsiveness, and promoting a customer-centered culture. Structural reforms and digital investments are also advised to enhance service delivery.

Cultural Norms and Values on Sexual and Gender Violence Among Congolese Male Refugees in Kakuma Camp Kenya

2024-12-02T11:29:25+03:00

Sexual violence is a significant public health and human rights issue worldwide. Refugees and asylum seekers affected by armed conflict are particularly vulnerable. In Kenya, the extent of sexual violence in humanitarian settings remains underexplored. Although many organizations address gender-based violence, little is known about male refugees who are victims of sexual violence. This paper aims to identify how cultural norms influence sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) faced by Congolese male refugees in Kakuma Camp. The study adopted a mixed cross-sectional survey research design. The study population for this study included refugee male survivors of sexual violence within Kakuma refugee camp, Turkana West Constituency. purposive sampling was used to select male refugees who formed the sampling frame. Simple random sampling was used to select 382 male refugees and 6 key informants as the respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative data. The key Findings revealed that Congolese male refugees in Kakuma experience various forms of SGBV, including physical abuse (46%), sexual abuse (33%), and psychological abuse (21%). Younger males (18-29 years) reported higher incidences of SGBV compared to older age groups. Cultural norms significantly impacted the reporting and perception of SGBV, with societal stigma and the pressure to conform to traditional masculine roles discouraging many victims from seeking help. The study concluded that addressing SGBV among male refugees requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes cultural sensitivity, awareness programs, and support systems tailored to the unique needs of male survivors.

Gender-Based Barriers and Transformation Potentials to Women Participation in Coffee Cooperatives in Kiambu County

2024-11-25T11:59:27+03:00

Gender transformational interventions in different sectors has potential to increase women's rights and foster inclusive growth. Based on this and considering that women's participation in coffee cooperatives in Kenya has historically remained low, it is necessary that any intervention in the sector is assessed to ascertain its transformational potential for the sub-sector. This study examined gender-based barriers and transformation potential to women participation in coffee cooperatives in Kiambu County. It's guided by Gender and Development theory and adopted descriptive design. A sample of 398 participants was selected using simple random and purposive sampling methods. Data collection involved questionnaires for cooperative members and in-depth interviews with managers, chairpersons and cooperative officers. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively and qualitative data through thematic analysis. The findings revealed key barriers such as lack of recognition of women's contributions, limited access to training, land and financial resources. The Coffee bill, 2023 was found to have the lowest potential for gender transformation, indicating limited capacity to foster inclusivity. The study recommended revisions to the Coffee bill, 2023 to better promote gender-inclusive practices in the coffee sector.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Digital Financial Inclusion in Kenya

2024-12-03T10:03:27+03:00

Empirical studies and data from the Global Findex show that financial inclusion varies widely across regions, income levels, and individual characteristics. This study examines the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors on the accessibility, usage, and well-being of digital financial inclusion in Kenya by using World Bank's 2017 Global Findex survey on Kenya, a microdata dataset with 1000 observations to meet research expectations. Given the dichotomous nature of dependent variables, this study uses binary probit analysis to draw the implications. The results show that factors like being a man, young, educated, employed, and rich are significant in determining the accessibility and utilization of digital financial services in Kenya. Furthermore, this research also revealed that the elements affecting financial inclusion and well-being include education level, gender, and income status. The result suggests that policymakers should focus on empowering women and the poor, adopting measures to enhance workforce and income growth, and addressing differences in individual characteristics on age and education to promote the inclusion of the poor into the formal financial system in Kenya.

Determinants of Voter Disenfranchisement in Kenya

2024-12-09T15:54:29+03:00

General elections in Kenya are held after every five years, though, by-elections can conducted before the end of the electoral term. In both elections a section of the electorate encounter some impediments that hinder them voting, culminating in voter disenfranchisement. They are hence denied their constitutional right. This study sought to address the problem of voter disenfranchisement in Kenya, based on the following objectives: analyse voter participation in selected types of elections in Kenya; examine factors leading to voter disenfranchisement in Kenya and propose a mechanism to address voter disenfranchisement. Being a conceptual research, the study employed analytical research in terms of conceptual analysis of elections and by-elections in Kenya. It utilized secondary data from documented sources by the media, Election Observation Mission Reports, Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission’s (IEBC) election evaluation report and the statistical data from the Communications Authority of Kenya (CAK). It established insecurity, unfavourable weather conditions and the distant location of polling centres as major impediments to the electorate’s participation in elections. The study recommends that the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) of Kenya adopts the hybrid system of voting by incorporating e-voting in the electoral processes so as to enable all eligible voters to exercise their civic and democratic rights by voting.

Exploring the Challenges of Sensemaking in Expectant Teenagers Accessing Health Information in Kajiado County, Kenya

2024-12-02T12:03:01+03:00

Teenage pregnancy is a major public health challenge in Kenya and many developing nations. Expectant teenagers ought to access with ease reliable information in order to promote the health of both the mother and fetus. The objective of this qualitative study, anchored on a relativist-interpretivist philosophical foundation, utilizing a case study method, was to explore the lived experiences of health information seeking with specific focus on challenges of sensemaking in expectant teenagers in Kajiado County, Kenya. 14 expectant teenagers, aged 15-19, selected purposively from nearby villages, towns and medical institutions participated in the study using a semi- structured interview and three focus groups of six each for triangulation. Thematic analysis was utilized. Ethical considerations like informed consent and confidentiality were taken to account. Research assistants who are well versed with culture were recruited to help in creating rapport and rich data. To focus the study, the Health Belief Model was applied. The study points at the need to come up with interventions to help expectant teens make decisions, such as leveraging trusted community leaders and healthcare professionals, digital literacy initiatives and peer education programs all aimed at developing teens' critical thinking abilities, encouraging their trust of reliable sources, and bridging the gap between traditional and modern knowledge systems.

How Covid 19 Has Transformed Christian Religious Rituals in Nairobi, Kenya

2024-12-27T16:23:30+03:00

This article examined how Covid 19 has transformed Christian religious rituals such as worship, prayer, baptism, child dedication, Holy Communion, Ash Wednesday, camp meetings, and tithing in Nairobi, Kenya. The research paper was grounded in the social evolution theory, which holds that culture generally evolves. The argument was, therefore, that since the culture gradually changes, the same is valid with the Christian rituals. In terms of methodology, the study used various data collection tools, such as questionnaires and interviews, to collect data. The targeted sample population during the research included the clergy, the church elders, and the general Christian faithful. The study utilized various sampling techniques, such as purposive sampling and stratified random sampling. The collected data was analyzed and presented in a narrative form, which involves a general description and explanation of the study findings. The study established that Covid 19 containment protocols temporarily prevented people from attending church service, but the churches resumed their operations after they were relaxed. The study, however, noted that the pandemic transformed the manner in which long-held Christian religious rituals are carried out. The study recommended reorganization of the Christian religious rituals that not only conform to the new normal of Covid 19 but also respect and uphold the spiritual importance and objective of such rituals. The study further recommended that the clergy and the Christian leadership sensitize members of their faith on the importance of vaccination to allay fears associated with COVID-19 vaccines and embrace vaccine uptake.

Empowering First Responders to Be Physically Active Through Establishment of Mini Gyms: The Case of Murang’a County Fire Services and Disaster Management Unit

2024-12-27T15:56:07+03:00

Each county in Kenya has a fire services and disaster management unit (FSDMU) with personnel designated as first responders (FRs). The physically demanding nature of FRs’ job requires them to carry heavy equipment, move and drag objects within restrictive and hazardous environments. First Responders, therefore, are required to have optimal physical fitness by actively engaging in adequate physical activity (PA). This study aimed at promoting participation in PA among the FRs by establishing convenient and affordable exercise facilities and equipment at their worksite. This implementation science research used a quasi-experimental design to 1) Establish mini-gyms in three FSDMU sub-stations, 2) Design and implement a functional fitness training program, 3) train peer fitness leaders (PFLs’) in each sub-station. Results indicated an increased uptake of PA from 38.1% observed previously to 100%. The guidelines for PA as prescribed for health and wellbeing in the National Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2023 was exceeded by an additional 30 minutes. The increased participation in PA per week, and number of steps per day as measured using the Red MI Smart Band 2 indicate that the intervention of the mini-gyms, the training of PFLs and establishment of a training regimen positively influenced the PA levels of the FRs in Murang’a County.

Prevalence and Determinants of Depression Among University Students: Case Study, Technical University of Mombasa

2024-12-03T10:20:58+03:00

Depression is a significant global mental health issue that affects countless individuals annually and can lead to severe consequences, including suicide. One area that has seen an increase in mental health concerns is among public university students, with many struggling with depression-related challenges and even dropping out of school. Unfortunately, there have been several reports of suicide among university students in the mainstream media. To better understand the situation, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depression among Technical University of Mombasa students and identify the risk factors that contribute to this condition. The study surveyed 390 students using structured questionnaires, with depression as the dependent variable and family, school, environment, and economic factors as the independent variables. Through the use of the chi-square test of independence and multiple linear regression model, the study found that 57.7% of students experienced depression, with students in year four and above being more likely to be affected than those in lower years. The study found that family, school, environment, and economic factors significantly influence depression among students, with 34.2% of the variations in depression explained by these factors. Family, school, environmental, and economic factors were found to increase depression levels by 23.8%, 12.7%, 10.6%, and 17.7%, respectively. Based on these results, the study recommended establishing peer counselling programs, raising awareness of mental health issues, creating online platforms for students to share their concerns, promoting participation in extracurricular activities, and incorporating mental health education into the university curriculum. These recommendations aim to address the rising cases of depression and promote the overall well-being of students in public universities in Kenya.

Determinants of National Cohesion in Kenyan Universities: The Role of Co-Curricular Activities, Training Programs, and Institutional Policies

2024-12-13T13:16:18+03:00

This study investigated the determinants of national cohesion in Kenyan universities, focusing on the influence of co-curricular activities, training programs, and institutional policies. The research was conducted in five public universities in Kenya, selected purposively based on criteria including possession of a charter, over a decade of existence, and a history of ethnic conflicts that disrupted learning. Using a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design, the study engaged a sample of 384 respondents. Students were selected through simple random sampling to complete questionnaires with multiple-choice questions, while deans, department heads, and faculty members were purposively selected for semi-structured interviews. Data collection and analysis were ongoing, with questionnaire data analysed using SPSS prior to conducting interviews. The findings revealed that co-curricular activities play a crucial role in promoting intercultural understanding, personal development, and community building, enabling students to appreciate diversity and establish meaningful relationships. Training programs were identified as essential in instilling values of tolerance and respect; however, limited awareness of these initiatives highlighted the need for more effective communication strategies to amplify their impact. Institutional policies, such as the establishment of International Students Offices, support for diverse social clubs, and initiatives like Kenyatta University’s ‘Nyumba Kumi,’ were shown to support diversity and mutual responsibility. Nevertheless, many participants reported limited awareness or neutrality toward these policies, emphasizing the necessity of enhanced awareness campaigns. The study concludes that universities can foster national cohesion by strengthening the design and implementation of co-curricular activities, expanding and effectively communicating training programs on tolerance, and raising awareness of institutional policies. These efforts can collectively promote a shared understanding of national cohesion and contribute to a more inclusive and harmonious society.

Relationship Between Self-Awareness as an Outcome of Psychological Support Interventions and Optimism: A Study of Perceptions of Youths in Charitable Children's Institutions in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

2024-11-25T10:18:42+03:00

Growth of self-awareness among vulnerable youth is linked to development of positive developmental trajectories in life like optimism. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between self-awareness, as influenced by psychological support interventions, and levels of optimism among looked-after youths. The study employed convergent parallel mixed methods design. Validated questionnaire and an interview guide were tools for data collection. The study investigated how self-awareness, as influenced by psychological support interventions, are associated with optimism as perceived by looked-after youth. The study found that youth in residential care found psychological support interventions helpful in enhancing self-awareness. However, reintegrated youth are uncertain about the effectiveness of these interventions. The optimism level among residential care youth was higher than reintegrated youth. This suggests that families where reintegrated youth are deployed may be facing challenges in creating an environment for them to grow out of their traumatic past and become optimistic. The chi-square findings suggest that the provision of psychological support interventions significantly enhances self-awareness and optimism among participants. The study recommends that efforts should be made to improve the quality of residential care through professionalization care services. The growing global push to promote family-based alternatives and eliminate institutional care as the principal choice for children in need of protection must be done in a way that children do not fall into more vulnerabilities.

Urban Informality and Its Impacts on Sustainable Urbanism: A Review Using Selected Indicators in Kayole Informal Settlement in Nairobi

2024-12-02T11:55:05+03:00

Sustainable urbanism is a fundamental element of sustainable development as envisaged under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) and the New Urban Agenda (NUA). Among the key bottlenecks to sustainability are urban poverty and informality. These breed developmental ills, including crime, conflicts, pollution, overcrowding, disease and illicit trade practices. Still, studies and policies acknowledge the urban informals (housing, commerce and industry) for safeguarding poor citizens’ right to the city, protecting livelihoods and reducing survivalist crimes, especially, in cities of the global South. This paper uses illustrations from Kayole Informal Settlement in Nairobi to examine the impacts of informal urban solid waste management and trade practices, and suggest synergies for overcoming them. Guided by sustainable development and sustainable urbanism theories, the descriptive study explores and mitigates select infrastructural, economic, health, environmental and governance indicators affected by informality, and which impact the realization of globally agreed development pathways. Its data was collected through questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), observation, literature review and mapwork (ArcMap and Google Earth). The resulting findings show minimal progress towards sustainability and pinpoint intervention areas Nairobi should work on to lift residents from extreme poverty as opposed to making the city functional and liveable for the poor.

Network Intrusion Detection Using Extreme Machine Learning Algorithm with Extreme Gradient Boosting for Feature Selection

2025-01-02T16:49:58+03:00

This study addresses the challenge of improving the performance of the Extreme Learning Machine model, particularly in accurately identifying minority classes in unbalanced datasets like UNSW-NB15 and NSL-KDD. The research question guiding this study is: How can we improve the ELM model's performance for better accuracy and minority class recognition in network intrusion detection? The methodology includes balancing the dataset to address the issue of poor minority class identification, using XGBoost for feature selection to reduce the curse of high data dimensionality, Particle Swarm Optimization finally used to optimize the model. The results show that the proposed approach outperformed other models when tested on the NSL-KDD dataset, achieving accuracies of 94.29% for binary classification and 89.02% for multiclass classification. However, on the UNSW-NB15 dataset, the model achieved a binary accuracy of 90.79%, which was lower than the performance of Random Forest (93.02%) and Decision Tree (92.76).In the multiclass classification the accuracy achieved was 78.79%, indicating underperformance compared to the other state-of-the-art models. The study concludes that although the suggested approach performs well in binary classification, future studies need to focus on improving detection accuracies of datasets that are heavily unbalanced with multiple classes like UNSW-NB15 dataset.

Appropriation of Artificial Intelligence in Broadcast Media Production in Kenya: Opportunities and Concerns

2024-12-27T15:42:55+03:00

The adoption of emergent technologies, among them Artificial Intelligence (AI), in producing media commodities is increasingly becoming significant in the media industry in the 21st century. Studies theorizing AI embeddedness in broadcast media commodities production value-chains—from ideation, concept development, scripting, curation, and editing to post-production—have also emerged in various pieces of research, particularly from the Global North. There is, however, a paucity of studies documenting the state of AI appropriation in broadcast media production from the Global South. Therefore, this study examines the adoption of AI in producing broadcast media commodities such as news, commentaries, entertainment, and marketing content in Kenya using a qualitative systematic literature review of 1,262 scholarly publications. The review sampled eight (8) publications using exclusion and inclusion criteria and found evidence of the use of AI in producing media content, attendant affordances, limitations, and AI skills gaps for media producers in Kenya. While ethical dilemmas regarding labor issues, bias, and privacy concerns are widespread, AI dependency on the Global North remains.

Enhancing Digital Resilience: A Cybersecurity Readiness Assessment of Kenyan TVET Institutions

2024-12-09T12:32:47+03:00

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions play a critical role in preparing the Kenyan workforce for the demands of the digital age. The rapid digitalization and widespread adoption of technology in these institutions poses significant cybersecurity threats, potentially compromising sensitive data, disrupting academic activities, and undermining the overall integrity of these institutions. This study aimed to assess the cybersecurity readiness of TVET institutions in Kenya. It analyzed their existing policies, practices, incident response and recovery procedures to identify potential weaknesses and areas for improvement. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with key stakeholders along with quantitative surveys distributed across multiple TVET institutions. 50 TVET institutions were randomly selected and questionnaires distributed to the Management and IT personnel in these institutions. 39 questionnaires were returned translating to 78% response rate. The design of the questionnaire was based on the four major cybersecurity elements: people, process, policy, and technology. The findings indicate that while some TVET institutions have made progress in developing and implementing cybersecurity policies, many are still lagging, and vulnerabilities remain prevalent. Several factors contribute to these gaps, including the absence of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy, limited resources and inadequate training programs. This study recommends the development of robust cybersecurity policies, regular risk assessments and the establishment of security awareness programs. As TVET digital landscape continues to evolve, the implementation of effective cybersecurity measures is paramount to guarantee the protection of information and other IT assets.

Level of Access to the School Farm and the Acquisition of Agricultural Skills Among Secondary School Students in Malava Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya

2024-12-09T13:05:02+03:00

One of the objectives of teaching Agriculture at the secondary school level is to equip learners with practical agricultural skills as this is considered one of the ultimate panacea to addressing unemployment and food insecurity. The school farm is considered a necessity in the teaching and learning of Agriculture for acquisition of practical skills. This study aimed at establishing the relationship between access to the school farm and the level of acquisition of agricultural skills among secondary school students. Correlational research design was adopted. The study targeted 1532 secondary school teachers and 4327 form three students in Malava Sub-County. The accessible population comprised of the 171 teachers of Agriculture and 2532 form three Agriculture students. Based on Nassiuma formula, 15 schools were sampled. Based on the Yamane formula, 150 form three students of Agriculture were sampled. One Agriculture teacher was selected from each of the sampled school. Questionnaires and an observation guide were used to gather data. A pilot study was carried out in Khwisero Sub-County to determine the instruments' reliability where Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89 and 0.72 was obtained for the agriculture teachers and students’ questionnaires respectively. Reliability of the observation guide was determined qualitatively by discussing the items with the supervisors. Chi-square test of relationship was used to analyse the findings of this study aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The study established that level of access to the school farm had a significant relationship to the level of agricultural skill acquisition among the students. Based on the findings, the study recommended that to enhance level of access to the school farm especially during lesson time, more time needs to be allocated to Agriculture on the timetable by the Ministry of Education.

Legal and Ethical Implications of Data Privacy in Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Data Privacy Among Learners in Kenyan Secondary Schools

2024-11-27T11:44:50+03:00

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cooperation in educational settings sparked significant discussions regarding data privacy, especially in secondary schools in Kenya. As AI technologies became increasingly prevalent, the oversight and guiding of students' individual information raised important legal and ethical concerns. This study explored the legal and ethical implications of data privacy in AI applications within Kenyan secondary schools, focusing on the unique challenges faced in this context. The problem statement addressed the growing concerns over the adequacy of current data privacy protections and the potential risks posed by AI systems handling sensitive student information. The study had three primary objectives: first, to assess the current legal frameworks and policies governing data privacy in Kenyan secondary schools; second, to evaluate the ethical considerations related to the use of AI technologies and their impact on students' privacy; and third, to identify best practices for enhancing data protection. The scope of the study was confined to secondary schools across Kenya, examining the intersection of legal regulations and ethical practices in managing student data within these institutions. The justification for this study lay in the increasing reliance on AI tools in education and the need to ensure that data privacy standards were robust enough to protect students' personal information. Data for this review was collected from the systematic search on Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC repositories, 25 paper were listed out from the year 2020 to 2024. The method of data collection involved a comprehensive systematic literature review from secondary sources which included periodicals, published articles and books, followed by a qualitative analysis of the collected data to identify patterns and insights related to data privacy issues. The findings from the reviewed articles underscore the critical need for effective data privacy frameworks and ethical considerations, particularly in the context of Kenyan secondary schools.

National School Safety Policy Alignment with Risk Management Practices in School Environment in Secondary Schools in Kericho County, Kenya

2024-11-25T10:52:52+03:00

Ensuring the safety of schools is crucial for fostering an effective learning environment. Governments globally have introduced various policies and initiatives to enhance school safety. This study investigated the adherence of safety practices in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County, Kericho County, Kenya, to national school safety policy. Employing a descriptive survey design, the research sampled seven secondary schools, seven principals, twenty teachers, an education officer and two hundred students, using a questionnaire, interviews, and observation checklists for data collection. Data revealed that many risk management practices did not align with established safety standards, indicating significant gaps in both physical and social environments. Most stakeholders have not gotten training on school safety practices. The study emphasizes the need for schools to enhance their infrastructure to meet required safety standards and suggests exploring resource generation to improve safety measures. A safe and secure school environment is vital for increasing learner enrolment, retention, and completion rates, ultimately contributing to higher achievement and quality education. In conclusion, prioritizing the safety of learners and staff is essential for fostering a comfortable learning atmosphere.

Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Tools in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Institutions in Kenya

2024-12-02T10:21:01+03:00

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in teaching and learning in higher education institutions in Kenya, specifically focusing on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), Adaptive Learning Platforms, Virtual Learning Assistants (VLAs), Automated Grading Systems and Learning Analytics Systems (LAS), their accessibility use and its effectiveness in teaching and learning. The study employed a mixed-methods research design, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches, to gather comprehensive data from faculty members, students, and administrators across 15 selected public and private universities and technical colleges in Kenya. The findings indicated that the accessibility of AI tools in institutions of higher learning in Kenya is significantly limited. A large majority of respondents expressed that AI tools are not readily available, highlighting disparities in access across different departments and projects within institutions. In terms of usage, the integration of AI tools into teaching and learning practices is still in its early stages in most institutions and where they are available they are not always well-integrated with existing curricula, leading to limited and uneven adoption across different disciplines. Despite these challenges, those who have begun using AI tools have reported benefits such as personalized learning, more efficient assessment processes, and enhanced feedback mechanisms, indicating that AI has the potential to transform educational practices if more effectively utilized. Findings further established a significant correlation between AI tools and effective teaching and learning in institutions of higher learning in Kenya (r = .781; p = .000). The study noted that while AI can significantly improve the educational experience, its current impact is constrained by several factors. Faculty members' unfamiliarity with AI, the lack of comprehensive training, and the inadequate integration of AI tools into the curriculum are major barriers to their effective use. However, where AI has been successfully implemented, it has contributed to better learning outcomes, higher student engagement, and more personalized feedback. The study recommended that institutions must invest in infrastructure, ongoing professional development, and curriculum integration, ensuring that AI tools are both accessible and effectively used to enhance teaching and learning outcomes.

The Reality of eLearning in Kenyan Universities

2024-12-03T10:29:13+03:00

Modern Day communication has advanced in the 21^st century. This, coupled with the reality that came with the Covid-19 pandemic around the world demanded adjustments in nearly all spheres of life, particularly the education sector. Many countries adopted a teaching /learning system in which content is delivered on-line. After the pandemic, quite a number of higher learning institutions adopted a hybrid system in which a given percentage of the teaching/learning is done online and the other percentage is physical. However, there needs to be a re-examination of blended learning; bearing in mind the reality of the developing world. Online learning can only be effective if there is availability of the right equipment for communication and also internet connectivity. This paper highlights the reality in different universities in Kenya and the feeling of the learners who are the direct beneficiaries of eLearning. Learners from five universities were interviewed. The study was guided by Putnam (2000)’s Time Displacement Theory. The paper concludes that while eLearning is inescapable in the modern world, the issue of availability of smart digital devices needs to be considered if there is to be equitable access to education for all. The availability of internet alone is not enough.

Determinants of Examination Malpractices Among Kenyan Public Universities

2024-12-09T13:42:09+03:00

Examination malpractice is a major problem in many universities in Kenya and world over. Many students have been expelled or suspended, leading to either delayed graduation or non-completion of their courses altogether. This study sought to determine the factors influencing examination malpractice among Kenyan university students. Cross-sectional study design and cluster sampling were adopted. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data and data was collected from four public universities. The dependent variable was examination malpractice, while school, home, course and student factors were independent variables. Multiple linear regression was used to fit a model between examination malpractice as the dependent variable and school, home, course and student factors as the independent variables. The data collected were cleaned, coded, captured and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Results obtained showed that the prevalence of examination malpractice in Kenyan Public Universities is 56.2%. It was further noted that significant relationships exist between school factors and examination malpractice, home factors and examination malpractice, course factors and examination malpractice and student factors and examination malpractice. This study recommends that universities need to strengthen their guidance and counseling units and the parents and guardians need to regularly monitor the academic progress of their children.

The Vernacular Architectural Heritage of Abeokuta: History, Forms and Decorative Motifs

2024-12-02T11:41:12+03:00

One of the prominent attributes of Abeokuta, an ancient town in southwestern Nigeria, is its imposing architecture, with physical structures that have been standing for decades and reflecting a rich cultural history. Notably, many of these buildings exhibit Afro-Brazilian influences, showcasing a blend of traditional Yoruba and colonial architectural forms. This paper aims to classify the diverse architectural typology in Abeokuta and analyse their decorative motifs. Primary and secondary data were sourced using interviews and photographic-recording instruments. The study employed historical and formal analyses of the data. In the end, the history of Abeokuta and the factors that influenced its architectural evolution were explored, highlighting the cultural and historical significance of the forms and decorative motifs of the building structures. The study aims to contribute to a broader understanding of Abeokuta's architectural heritage typology, forms and decorative motifs, offering valuable insights into how historical and cultural dynamics are embedded in the city’s built environment.

Culture Preservation Through Language Maintenance Among Linguistic Minority Groups: A Case Study of the Shona Speakers of Kenya

2024-12-27T16:04:55+03:00

This study addressed the issue of culture preservation among linguistic minority groups through language maintenance practices. The main objective of the study was to investigate the various language maintenance strategies used by linguistic minority groups in Kenya to preserve their culture. The minority linguistic group that was investigated in this study is the Shona language community in Kenya originally from Zimbabwe. Language is an integral part of culture in any community and so maintaining a language is synonymous to maintaining a culture. Language maintenance efforts, especially among linguistic minority groups like the Kenyan Shonas, thus go a long way in maintaining their culture as this study set out to illustrate. The study was guided by the Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory (EVT) by Giles, Bourhis and Taylor (1977) and Landweer (2000). The theory shows how a linguistic group is able to maintain and protect its identity, language and culture in a multilingual society setup. Data for this study was obtained from the library and also from the field in Shona residential settlements using questionnaires, interview, observation and focused group discussion method. Analyzed data was presented qualitatively and quantitively. The study findings shows that the Shona speakers of Kenya have employed various strategies in maintaining their language and culture as a minority linguistic group from around late 1950s, when they first entered Kenya from their motherland Zimbabwe as missionaries. These strategies include use of Shona language at the home, religious, marriage and work domains as tools of culture and language maintenance. Other strategies of Shona culture and laguage maintenance include use of Shona elders to teach younger generations their language ad culture, use of social interraction networks, community meetings and Shona traditional ceremonies. This study came to a conclusion that the Kenyan Shonas, one of the minority linguistic group in Kenya, have been able to preserve and maintain their culture in Kenya through language maintenance strategies listed above since they landed in Kenya in the late 1950s. However, the study recommends that simmilar studies should be carried out inorder to find out whether other linguistic minority speakers of Kenya have been able to maintain their culture through language maintenance practicies. Presently the Shonas of Kenya are listed as the 45th tribe of Kenya after being awarded Kenyan citizenship status in 2020 by the Kenyan Government.

Lessons for National Social Integration from A Case Study of Kenyatta University Culture Week Activities

2024-11-27T10:58:29+03:00

Since independence Kenya has witnessed ugly scenes that point to possible national disintegration. Despite efforts to promote national integration and cohesion has not been fruitful. We continuously witness social and cultural incompetence among the Kenyan folks. Nepotism, negative ethnicity and other forms of disintegration are still rampant. This study establishes the reasons behind this failure to achieve integration and national cohesion. Most specifically it seeks to establish the relationship between goal consciousness in national integration efforts and the practice of the same goals. The study used Kenyatta University’s culture week activities such as drama, music, dance and plays as its case study. Kenyatta University is a micro-representation of the macro-national activities that schools, colleges and universities engage in at the national level with national integration and cohesion as the chief objective. This makes the collection of data much easier given that the research focal point is one. The study employed qualitative research approach. Through description of the attitudes towards culture week activities, the research sought to establish whether the attitudes of the participants in Kenyatta University’s culture week activities were conscious of the goals of the activities. Non probability convenience sampling was used to sample the respondents for the interview. Three respondents were selected from every academic department of the University to give a representative figure of the overall population of Kenyatta University. Interviews through semi-structured questionnaires were administered by selected research assistants. Data analysis was done thematically i.e. by categorization of related themes. Measurement of data was descriptive in nature. The study established that: the active participants in the culture week activities were less than the inactive participants thus influencing the level of awareness of the goals of the culture week activities; and two, there is need to boost awareness using other avenues. The study concludes that the culture week activities fail to achieve the desired social integration and this scenario is likely to be a replica of the macrocosm national social integration activities. It therefore recommends that: The University should adopt appropriate communicative programs that increase the awareness level among the participants in their activities of the social integration process. This can make the participants appreciate the goals of the culture week activities. The University administrators and workers who include the lecturers must work within their given code of conduct to minimize the scandalous nepotism, tribalism and favoritism within the University, thus enhancing social integration. The government of Kenya should initiate more appropriate awareness programs among the public to make them appreciate the practice of national social integration and cohesion.

The Effect of Extending Irrigation Intervals on Growth and Yield Attributes and Harvest Indices of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Clay Soil

2024-11-25T09:48:20+03:00

The main question that drived and guided this study was how to grow groundnut as food crop with conservation in fresh water resource in arid climate.As a result, this field study was carried out for two years (2021/2022 and 2022/2023) to investigate the effects of constant input of irrigation water (93mm), applied at intervals of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, on the growth and yield of MH383 groundnut cultivar. The effects were viewed regarding growth and yield and water use efficiency (m3 of water / Kg dry matter) of groundnut MH3 cultivar to assess the optimum policy to conserve irrigation water. The results indicated that extending irrigation interval to reduce consumption of irrigation water resulted in a clear reduction of vegetative and reproductive growth attributes (plant height, leaf area, dry matter production, number of pegs per plant, number and dry weight of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and harvest index). These reductions were naturally reflected in reduced hay and pod yields. The number and dry weight of pods per plant were the yield components most affected by decreased watering. Frequent watering resulted in improved pod and hay yield. Such reduction is manifested in the number and dry weight of pods per plant. The results of the experiment showed that leaf area indices of plants stressed during the vegetative phase were higher during the mid and late season (reproductive phase). For irrigated groundnut, it is possible to increase field water use efficiency dry matter production, and crop yield, by imposing a transient deficit in soil moisture using 14-day irrigation intervals or even 21-day intervals of severe water shortage without significant loss on crop productivity.

Effect of P-K Fertilizer Rate and Fruit Canopy Position on Fruit Quality and Vitamins of Mangifera Indica Cv. 'Kent'

2024-11-25T11:13:38+03:00

Mango production in Kenya is hindered by poor fruit quality and imbalanced fertilizer application, hence the need to investigate the long-term effects of different fertilizer regimes on nutrient cycling, and overall mango orchard sustainability. This study aimed to determine the effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers, as well as fruit canopy position, on the nutritional content and morphological characteristics of 'Kent' mango fruits. Seven treatments, P1kg, K1kg, P2kg, K2kg, PK1kg, PK2kg, and control, were repeated five times, resulting in 35 test trees of the "Kent" cultivar, aged 7-8 years. The results indicated that increasing P application significantly boosted β-carotene levels (p ≤ 0.05), while ascorbic acid levels were reduced. However, both β-carotene and α-tocopherol levels were higher in control trees compared to fertilized trees, regardless of the fertilizer type or rate. A weak negative correlation between ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol was observed (r=-0.48, P≤0.05), suggesting a potential trade-off between these two antioxidants. Additionally, fruit weight was strongly correlated with skin weight, stone thickness, and seed thickness. Fruits from within the canopy generally exhibited higher levels of antioxidants than those exposed to direct sunlight. The study provides valuable insights into the influence of P and K fertilizers and canopy position on mango fruit quality. However, further research is needed to optimize fertilizer management practices for sustainable mango production in Kenya.

Current Status and Future Potential of Liquid Biofuel Production for Green and Circular Economies in Eastern Africa: A Case Study of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania

2024-12-02T11:00:25+03:00

There is growing global interest in the use of liquid biofuels across various sectors as part of sustainable bioeconomies. This study examines the status, trends, and potential of liquid biofuel production in the Eastern African countries of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Using field and factory visits, interviews, and discussions with key stakeholders, the suitability of different land areas for biofuel crops was assessed to be: Ethiopia has 31 million hectares suitable for croton plants and 0.7 million hectares for sugarcane; Kenya has 18.6 million hectares, and Tanzania has 85.64 million hectares suitable for sweet sorghum. Annual ethanol production between 2020 and 2022 was 24.25 million liters in Ethiopia, 8.25 million liters in Kenya, and 1.4 million liters in Tanzania. Lignocellulosic residues were identified as promising feedstocks, with potential annual production capacities of 8.2 billion liters in Kenya, 10.8 billion liters in Tanzania, and 35.7 billion liters in Ethiopia. Microalgae also emerged as a viable alternative feedstock. Biofuels, whether pure or blended, reduce emissions by 10–90% compared to fossil fuels. However, investment in first-generation feedstocks has faced setbacks due to inadequate planning and limited involvement of smallholders. The study concludes that increased awareness, improved productivity, adoption of high-yielding varieties, and development of local technologies are essential to advance biofuel production in the region.

Influence of Climate Variability on Food Security in Nyamira County, Kenya

2024-11-25T11:06:52+03:00

Climate change and climate variability threaten global food security, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where agriculture is central to income generation and the economy. Nyamira County in Kenya, despite its high agricultural potential, experiences challenges arising from climate change and climate variability. This study aimed to establish rainfall and temperature trends and patterns affecting food security in Nyamira County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Rainfall and temperature data for Nyamira station was obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD). These data were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test analysis for the various seasons (MAM, JJA, SON, and DJF). The study findings revealed that the rainfall trends for Nyamira station covering the seasons MAM (y = 0.2769x + 177.3), SON (y = 2.2095x + 104.43), and JJA (y = 0.109x + 131.63) were increasing. The station exhibited statistically significant trends in maximum and minimum temperatures (p-value < 0.05). The study recommends continually researching and monitoring local climate patterns to understand and respond effectively to changing weather trends. Collaborating with the Kenya Meteorological Department, research institutions, policymakers, local communities, and environmental agencies can provide valuable data and insights to inform decision-making and adaptation strategies for farmers.

Assessing Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices for Enhanced Food Security in Nyamira County, Kenya: A Scientific Perspective

2024-11-25T10:32:09+03:00

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices are essential for delivering production inputs, information, germplasm, finance, markets and other resources observed by smallholder farmers. This study aimed to utilize CSA practices to address agricultural production obstacles and enhance food security in Nyamira County. The overall objective was to determine the influence of climate-smart agriculture practices on food security among small-scale farmers in Nyamira County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, with a sample size of 384 households selected through a multistage sampling approach. Data collection methods included questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), observation checklists, and structured interview schedules. Secondary data was gathered from various sources such as the internet, journals, publications, and document analyses. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 25, while qualitative data was summarized through narrative analysis. The findings revealed that mixed cropping at 20.50% (230), crop rotation at 15.15% (170), organic farming at 10.52% (118), and cover cropping at 7.93% (89) all had a significant influence on the food security of the small-scale farmers (p<0.05). Conversely, agroforestry at 14.53% (163), drought-resistant crops at 7.49% (84), water harvesting at 13.10% (147), and integrated soil fertility management at 7.31% (82) did not exhibit a significant influence (p-value > 0.05). The logistic regression model showed a statistically significant χ² = 20.267, p < 0.05, between CSA practices and food security. The study recommends that the Nyamira County agriculture department, in conjunction with the national government and non-governmental organizations, promote the upscaling of mixed cropping, crop rotation, organic farming, and cover cropping among smallholder farmers as key CSA practices to enhance household food security in the area.

Climate Change Impacts on Traditional Medicine in Meru County, Kenya

2024-11-27T11:24:28+03:00

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a global phenomenon with multifaceted impacts, affecting various aspects of human life including traditional medicine practices. Currently there seems to be minimal studies that have been conducted regarding the negative effects of climate change on herbal medicine in Meru County. It is against this background that this study was carried out with an aim that it may fill this gap to make a difference. The objectives of the study included to: (i) determine the negative impact of climate change on herbal medicine (ii) find out the influence of climate change on herbal profession and (iii) determine climate change mitigation measures for herbal medicine in Meru County, Kenya. The present study was carried out between April and September 2023 to investigate the effects of climate change on traditional medicine in Meru County, focusing on shifts in medicinal plant availability, efficacy, and access. A survey research design was applied using semi-structured and structured questionnaires. Mixed-methods approach was used, including surveys, field observations, and interviews. Data was collected from traditional healers, community members, and local authorities. The study showed that over 50% of the Meru county resident relies heavily on traditional medicine for healthcare delivery, making it susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Additionally, the study revealed that climate change has resulted to alterations in the availability and distribution of medicinal plants (85%), disrupting the traditional healing practices deeply rooted in the region's cultural heritage. Further, the results indicated that changing precipitation patterns, temperature fluctuations, and habitat destruction have contributed to the decline of several medicinal plant types. Moreover, Herbalists reported that they experience greater difficulties accessing the medicinal plants, often missing them out or travelling over huge destinations This loss of biodiversity has not only affected the abundance of medicinal resources but has also compromised the effectiveness of traditional remedies. The, increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as extended dry or wet weather conditions have hindered access to remote areas where medicinal plants are typically harvested, further exacerbating the challenges faced by traditional healers. Therefore, this study underscores the urgent need for climate change adaptation strategies that integrate classical knowledge systems with modern approaches to safeguard the rich cultural heritage and ensure the sustainability of healthcare practices in Meru County.

Evaluating Dynamics of Carbon Pools Resulting from Redistribution Among Biomass Components Following Wildfires in Aberdare Afromontane Forests, Kenya

2024-11-25T10:03:32+03:00

East African Afromontane Forests are among the carbon-rich ecosystems but their stability is mainly compromised due to seasonal wildfires. The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the impacts of wildfires on various carbon pools and (2) to evaluate carbon stock redistributions among biomass components after wildfires within Aberdare Afromontane Forest ranges, The study was conducted in nine sites that experienced wildfires in 2022 within two months after the fire occurrence. A total of 35 concentric plots of 15m radius distributed in high severity (12), low (9) and unburnt areas (14) were used. Our findings indicated that the mean carbon stock for all biomass components assessed changed from 96.4 tons C ha^-1 to 46.6 tons C ha^-1 due to wildfires. Most carbon stock losses were derived from litter and herbs biomass components with a combustion of 97% and 86% respectively. Further, course wood debris and dead standing trees increased with increasing wildfire severity while standing live trees and soil organic carbon decreased with increasing fire severity. Carbon redistribution from live-standing trees to dead lying and standing trees after wildfires were mainly from young small trees. This study indicates that future forest stock will have an impact on the carbon budget if urgent measures are not put in place to control and manage wildfires. The findings of this study suggest the inclusion of wildfire assessment attributes within the national forest inventory framework to assist in accounting for losses due to disturbances. Our findings can support improvement in reporting Kenya’s carbon emission factors from land use. The study recommends periodical monitoring to evaluate long-term post-fire carbon dynamics.

Knowledge About Environmental Dynamics and Attitude Towards Conservation of Saiwa Wetland, Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya

2024-11-27T10:30:06+03:00

Wetlands are important ecosystems for ecological, social and economic value. Despite their importance, wetlands are under serious threat due to anthropogenic factors, such as intensified agriculture. We conducted a study to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards conservation of Saiwa Swamp in Trans-Nzoia County Kenya. The study used a mixed-methods approach to collect data through household surveys, key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Household survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-Square while key informant and FGDs data were analyzed under thematic areas. The findings reveal that the respondents are aware of the interrelatedness of their activities and the natural resources of the environment. They understand that besides biodiversity conservation, the swamp plays an important role in providing the community with livelihoods, cultural and economic needs. The findings also establish they are aware that their livelihood activities threaten the swamp. Therefore, protecting and managing the Saiwa swamp ecosystem is essential for the well-being of both present and future generations. For sustainability of both the swamp and community livelihoods, the County and National government should work together with all stakeholders to create and establish a culture of stewardship and collective responsibility among local communities. More importantly, the community should be involved in designing conservation interventions as a key to ensuring adoption and implementation.

Leveraging on Agricultural Cooperatives in Feed and Fodder Production Among Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Meru County, Kenya

2024-12-02T11:17:31+03:00

Climate change is having a severe effect on the availability of feeds and fodder, which causes irregular milk output and high production costs for farmers and cooperatives. This study focuses on the role of agricultural cooperatives in promoting feed and fodder, and management. A cross-sectional survey design with concurrent mixed methods approach entailing quantitative and qualitative methodologies was adopted. The target population was drawn from seven dairy producer groups supported by the Meru dairy cooperative union. Systematic random sampling was used to sample one hundred and ninety-five respondents from seven selected dairy cooperatives. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants in the dairy value chain. Primary data was collected using key informants, interview guides, household survey questionnaires and focus group discussion guides. The data collected was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study findings indicate that 92% of respondents produced their own fodder, while 28.3% outsourced. High cost of feeds and fodder was a major challenge. The agricultural cooperatives supported farmers in production and bulking of super Napier fodder. They also support farmers in access feeds and fodder for This study recommeds agricultural cooperatives should conduct trainings on modern feed and fodder production, as well as conservation of fodder and home made rations. The study also recommeds that policy makers should legislate laws that support dairy cooperatives in feed and fodder production.Also laws stould be legislated to protect smallholder farmers from exploitation by feed manuafacturers.The study also recommeds further studies on feed, fodder contamination qne quality analysis.

Optimizing Weather Forecasting Accuracy via Radial Basis Function Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks

2024-12-02T10:34:10+03:00

Weather forecasting is crucial for various sectors, including agriculture, disaster management, and infrastructure planning. However, traditional prediction models such as Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and ARIMA often struggle with long-term accuracy due to the nonlinear and chaotic nature of atmospheric phenomena. The primary objective of this study was to develop and compare the performance of Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs) in predicting key weather variables such as temperature, humidity, sea-level pressure, windspeed, and rainfall. Historical meteorological data from the Kenya Meteorological Department, spanning a decade, was used to train and evaluate the models. The methodology employed included data preprocessing, model training with a 70-15-15 split for training, validation, and testing, and performance evaluation using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and training time as key metrics. The results revealed that RBFNs consistently outperformed CNNs and LSTMs, particularly for stable variables like temperature and sea-level pressure, with lower RMSE and faster training times. CNNs and LSTMs, while better at capturing complex temporal patterns, struggled with chaotic variables such as rainfall and windspeed, exhibiting higher error rates and longer training times. In conclusion, RBFNs were found to be the most efficient and accurate model for real-time weather forecasting in resource-constrained environments, whereas CNNs and LSTMs may require additional tuning or hybrid approaches to improve their forecasting of more dynamic weather variables.

Environmental Implications of Sand Harvesting. Insights from Archer’s Post, Samburu County.

2024-12-03T09:54:18+03:00

Sand harvesting is identified as a common socio economic activity, which is practiced globally, regionally and locally. In accordance with this understanding, this study seeks to assess and find out the key factors that have led to increase in sand extraction, and environmental implications of sand extraction in Archer’s’ Post, Samburu County. The sampling technique employed in the study involved both probabilistic (stratified and simple random sampling) and non-probabilistic (purposive sampling). A target population of 135 individuals from local residents, sand harvesters (sand miners, sand loaders, and sand transporters), chiefs, officers from Ministry of Land and NEMA offices. Questionnaires and key informant interview schedules were used to obtain data and observation while the data was analyzed by using statistical software such as SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The results were highlighted by bar graphs, tables and pie charts The survey findings were summarized using bar graphs, tabulation and pie charts. From the study it was established that sand mining in Archer’s Post is largely as a result of desperate need for an income source, need for construction materials form infrastructure and other development needs and generally a sheer economic force. Such environmental impacts include soil erosion, change of vegetation cover, and reduced water quality as a result of sedimentation in the local rivers and streams. These effects have been seen to negatively affect agriculture, diversity of species and the eco-system in the region. The study also revealed gaps of the current regulations, which do not provide an effective mechanism for the management and minimization of the environmental impacts of sand extraction. Some of the issues that are worthy of mention and solved in the near future for a sustainable sand harvesting scheme include the weak civil society involvement and engagement in environmental management, limited compliance with the set laws, and substandard harvesting techniques, as well as insufficient funding of monitoring and restoration programs. The results suggest that there be improvement in practices that will reduce the impact of sand mining on the environment.

Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices Among Farmers in Soy Sub-County, Kenya.

2024-12-09T12:41:00+03:00

Climate variability has lowered agricultural productivity, and aggravated foodinsecurity, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Small-scale farmers are especially susceptible to the negative impacts of climate change because their livelihoods depend on rain-fed agriculture This study sought to assess the current climate-smart agricultural practices used by farmers in the Soy Sub-County and the level of adoption of these Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices. The study utilized a survey method that utilized questionnaires and interviews among 196 households and seven key informants, respectively. The results revealed that the main farming system was maize farming (61%) and livestock(87%). On average, farmers owned 5-10 acres of land (32%). As part of CSA, most of the participants do fodder conservation (85%) using conventional methods. In terms of CSA, most farmers adopted improved livestock breeds that are resistant to drought and parasites and improved nutrition (94% and 82%, respectively), and changing the planting patterns (94%). The rate of CSA adoption rates varies from practice to practice depending on demographic factors. Age significantly affects the CSA adoption (p=0.029, t=-21.777, CI=0.05). On the other hand, the soil type positively influenced the farmers’ adoption of CSA practices (p=0.042). Other socio-economic variables such as gender, household, experience, and education had no significant statistical effect on the adoption of CSA.