Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO

Prevalence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Services in Selected Health Facilities in the West B Region, Zanzibar

2026-07-15T12:13:00+03:00

Anaemia during pregnancy remains a major global public health challenge, with high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding its magnitude among pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) is essential for targeted interventions. This study determined the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women attending ANC services in selected health facilities in the West B Region, Zanzibar. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 352 pregnant women attending ANC clinics in selected public and private facilities from March to October 2025. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling of facilities and systematic random sampling of eligible women. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and haemoglobin levels were obtained from ANC records. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin <11.0 g/dL based on WHO criteria. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 27 with descriptive and bivariate statistics (Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests), with significance at p<0.05. The prevalence of anaemia was 62.2% (n=219). Anaemia increased with gestational age (p<0.001), from 32.1% in the first trimester to 77.3% in the third. Higher prevalence occurred among women practicing pica (76.2%), multiparous women (73.3%), those with birth intervals <2 years (68.3%), and those with previous anaemia (72.6%). Anaemia remains a severe public health problem, necessitating early screening, nutritional counselling, improved birth spacing, and strengthened iron supplementation programs.

Integrity Practices and the Performance of Public Health Care: A Case of Mnazimmoja Hospital, Tanzania

2026-07-15T16:04:43+03:00

Integrity, characterized by honesty, adherence to rules, and ethical conduct, is a cornerstone of trust and quality in healthcare delivery. This study assessed the influence of integrity practices on the performance of public health care at Mnazimmoja Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, collecting data from 139 participants, including 83 patients and 56 healthcare staff, using structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation), while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The study revealed a generally positive perception of integrity practices. A majority of patients (58.9%) agreed that observed ethical breaches were addressed promptly (Mean=2.10). Similarly, staff demonstrated a high level of self-reported integrity, with all respondents (100%) affirming they do not misuse hospital resources and follow rules even when unsupervised (67.9% agreed, Mean=1.71). However, significant uncertainty was noted in areas of reporting unethical behavior. Among staff, 60.7% were undecided about reporting a colleague's misconduct, and 58.9% were hesitant to report their own errors, indicating potential fear of retaliation or a lack of psychological safety. While Mnazimmoja Hospital has a strong foundation in rule compliance and resource ethics, critical gaps exist in the systems that support transparency and whistleblowing. To enhance performance and patient trust, the hospital should strengthen its integrity framework by reinforcing whistleblower protection mechanisms, fostering a culture of open disclosure, and enhancing patient awareness of ethical standards.

A Thematic Framework for Mitigating Risks in Mortgage-Financed Projects in Kenya

2026-07-15T11:46:47+03:00

Mortgage‑financed construction projects (MFCPs) are central to Kenya’s housing delivery agenda, yet they remain vulnerable to diverse risks that compromise performance. This study investigates the nature of risks affecting MFCPs and explores practical mitigation strategies tailored to the Kenyan context. A survey research design was adopted, targeting mortgage‑financed projects initiated during the 2021/2022 financial year. Data were collected using questionnaires administered to developers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative insights were synthesized into a thematic framework for risk management. The findings revealed six dominant categories of risk: construction, financial, planning, legal/regulatory, market, and environmental. Construction risks, particularly contractor inefficiencies and material cost escalation, were most pronounced, followed by financial and planning risks. Developers emphasized that these risks are interconnected, often compounding one another to undermine project outcomes. Thematic analysis identified seven mitigation pillars: monitoring and inspection, planning and budgeting, insurance and financial risk management, due diligence and contractor selection, regulatory compliance and legal safeguards, government and macroeconomic support, and professional oversight and expertise. The study concludes that effective performance of MFCPs requires a proactive, integrated risk management approach embedded across the project lifecycle. By adopting the harmonized framework, developers, financiers, and policymakers can enhance sustained success in Kenya’s mortgage‑financed housing sector.

Policy Formulation and Development: A Review of Processes, Techniques, and Stakeholder Dynamics

2026-07-16T09:45:46+03:00

Policy formulation is a critical stage in development process because it determines the design strategies and actions aimed at addressing societal problems. Effective formulation of policies requires integration of analytical tools and participation of diverse stakeholders. This paper reviews the processes, techniques, and stakeholder dynamics that shape policy formulation and development. It draws on the existing literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of how policies are designed and refined. It explores the intricate process of policy formulation within a sociological framework, emphasizing its significance in shaping societal outcomes. It begins by defining policy formulation, establishing a foundation for understanding the various approaches that guide this process. The paper then outlines the techniques employed in policy formulation including cost-benefit analysis, forecasting, operational research and the Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS). The paper also discusses the major approaches and models of policy formulation such as the rational model, elite theory, systems model and game theory. The study outlines the sequential steps in crafting effective policies, highlighting the importance of a clear rationale behind policy initiatives. The central role of various stakeholders including government actors, interest groups and the public is examined, showcasing how their input and collaboration shape policy directions. The paper further delves into the factors that influence policy formulation, including political, economic, and social dynamics and underscores the critical role of research in ensuring informed decision-making. The paper concludes that effective policy formulation requires a balance between analytical rigour and political realities as well as meaningful stakeholder engagement. The study recommends strengthening evidence-based analysis, promoting inclusive stakeholder participation, and enhancing institutional capacity for effective policy development. The paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how policies are formulated and the complex interplay of forces that influence the policy formulation process.

The Changing Nature of Land Conflict in Laikipia County, Kenya (2003-2021)

2026-07-16T14:22:18+03:00

Land conflicts in Laikipia County, Kenya, were for a long time attributed to competition over grazing fields and restocking of animals after a drought period. However, the changing dynamics of land conflict have taken a new dimension, spreading into non-traditional conflict areas. The objective of the paper was to analyse the causes of the changing nature of land conflict in Laikipia County. Primary data was collected using Key informant interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data was collected using documentary analysis. The Key informants and participants of the focus group discussions were selected from both Segera and Ilopoliei Locations. Sand harvesting within group ranches, pastoralist beliefs regarding livestock, environmental extremes, and the emergence of pastoral entrepreneurs, commercial cattle rustling, absentee landlords, and commercial land-buying companies have been blamed for the rising cases of conflicts after the promulgation of the 2021 constitution. Land conflicts during this period led to socio-economic consequences such as loss of life and destruction of properties. The study recommends an integrated approach to land conflict, incorporating elder-driven mechanisms and independent institutions such as the National Cohesion and Integration Commission, and judicial litigations and mediations.

Effect of Construction Mechanization on the Quality of Work Life of Construction Workers in Kenya

2026-07-22T11:23:02+03:00

Mechanization has emerged as a cornerstone of modern construction, promising significant improvements in operational efficiency, cost management, and overall project quality. However, its influence on the Quality of Work Life (QWL) for construction personnel remains a subject of intense debate, especially within the context of developing economies like Kenya. This research provides a critical examination of the relationship between construction mechanization and QWL, specifically focusing on high-rise building projects in Nairobi. QWL was investigated through a multidimensional lens, encompassing four key constructs: fairness of compensation and reward systems, physical and psychological working conditions, occupational health and safety, and worker welfare and social integration. Utilizing a quantitative survey design, the study targeted 125 registered construction projects. Data were meticulously gathered from accredited site supervisors to assess mechanization levels across seven core work categories, while QWL indicators were evaluated using established Likert-scale constructs. Statistical reliability and validity tests confirmed a high degree of internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha exceeding 0.95. The correlation analysis produced complex, mixed outcomes. While mechanization was found to positively influence general working conditions (r = 0.274, p < 0.01), it demonstrated a significant negative impact on worker compensation (r = –0.219, p < 0.05) and health and safety standards (r = –0.241, p < 0.05). Furthermore, regression analysis highlighted that while mechanization in scaffolding improved QWL, mechanization during site preparation actually reduced it. Overall, the chosen mechanization variables accounted for 15% of the total variation in worker QWL. These findings emphasize mechanization’s paradoxical nature: while it acts as a catalyst for modernization, it simultaneously introduces new vulnerabilities for the workforce. To harmonize technological advancement with worker well-being, the study recommends comprehensive policy reforms, mandated technical training, equitable wage frameworks, and the implementation of more robust site safety protocols.

A Framework for Optimizing the Level of Mechanization and Manpower in Construction Projects in Kenya

2026-07-15T12:00:14+03:00

Mechanization has become a defining feature of modern construction, offering efficiency, precision, and cost savings. Yet, in Kenya, the extent of mechanization in high-rise building projects remains uneven and poorly documented. This study investigates the level of mechanization across major construction activities and develops a framework for optimizing the balance between mechanization and manpower. A mixed survey design was adopted, combining quantitative assessment of mechanization levels with qualitative insights from accredited site supervisors. Data were collected from 113 usable questionnaires across 125 randomly selected projects in Nairobi. Descriptive results revealed that more than half of construction activities (53%) rely on hand tools, while automated hand tools account for 31%. Concreting and site preparation emerged as the most mechanized tasks, whereas finishing works such as plastering, painting, and building services remain predominantly manual. Qualitative findings highlighted mechanization’s dual influence: it enhances safety, efficiency, and morale, but also raises concerns about accidents, job insecurity, and welfare erosion. Respondents proposed strategies such as smart systems, advanced tools, and safety monitoring technologies to optimize mechanization. The study concludes that mechanization in Kenya’s construction industry is moderate (47%) and unevenly distributed. It recommends policy reforms, structured training, welfare investments, and strategic deployment of mechanization to enhance productivity while safeguarding worker welfare. It also recommends the adoption of the proposed framework.

Optimizing Mortgage-Financed Construction: An Empirical Assessment of Critical Success Factors in Kenya

2026-07-15T11:34:51+03:00

Critical Success Factors (CSFs) are widely recognized as key determinants of construction project success, yet their specific influence on mortgage-financed construction projects (MFCPs) in Kenya remains underexplored. This study empirically analyzed the relationship between CSFs and project performance, focusing on five performance indicators—budget adherence, schedule adherence, quality, safety, and cash flow. Using a survey research design, data were collected from 1,063 MFCPs initiated during the 2021/2022 financial year. Respondents included site agents and clerks of works, with data analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression. The findings reveal that quality performance is the most sensitive to CSFs, showing strong positive correlations with project-related, consultant-related, contractor-related, and resource-related factors. Budget adherence also demonstrated moderate positive associations with project management, contract management, financial health, and contractor competence, underscoring the importance of internal governance systems in cost control. Schedule adherence exhibited weaker but significant correlations with resource, financial, contract, and client-related factors, reflecting the influence of external bottlenecks such as permitting and regulatory delays. Safety performance, however, showed no significant correlation with CSFs, highlighting the need for specialized safety management practices distinct from general success drivers. Regression analysis confirmed that CSFs collectively explain approximately 38% of the variance in project performance, indicating that while they are critical, other external and project-specific factors also play substantial roles. The study concludes that embedding CSFs into project governance frameworks is essential for improving quality and cost outcomes, while schedule and safety require complementary strategies. Recommendations emphasize strengthening contractor capacity, resource adequacy, and dedicated safety oversight to enhance MFCP performance in Kenya.

Joint Planning, Coordination and Stakeholder Training as Determinants of Operational Efficiency: Evidence from Julius Nyerere International Airport, Tanzania

2026-07-16T09:29:26+03:00

Operational efficiency is a critical performance requirement for modern airports, particularly in rapidly growing aviation markets such as Sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the extent to which joint planning, coordination, and stakeholder training influence operational efficiency at Julius Nyerere International Airport (JNIA) in Tanzania. Drawing from quantitative data collected from 119 respondents comprising airport staff, ground handlers, airline representatives, and air traffic controllers and supported by qualitative interviews, the study provides empirical evidence on the contribution of collaborative practices to airport performance. Results indicate high levels of agreement among respondents that joint planning enhances operational alignment, minimizes disruptions, and improves service delivery (80% agreement, mean = 4.23). Coordination among airport stakeholders was identified as a critical determinant of efficiency, with 94% of respondents emphasizing its role in reducing delays, improving resource allocation, and strengthening real-time decision-making (mean = 4.34). Additionally, 75% of respondents affirmed that stakeholder training enhances the effectiveness of Airport Collaborative Decision-Making (A-CDM) processes (mean = 4.12). The findings align with Systems Theory and Stakeholder Theory, suggesting that efficient airport operations depend on integrated, interdependent stakeholder activities supported by continuous capacity-building. The study concludes that strengthening joint planning frameworks, enhancing coordination mechanisms, and institutionalizing structured training programs are essential for advancing JNIA’s operational efficiency and competitiveness. Recommendations include investment in targeted capacity-building, integration of real-time communication systems, and adoption of collaborative planning protocols across airport units.

From Participation to Transformation: A Systematic Review of the Community Action Cycle in Contemporary Development Practice

2026-07-16T12:07:08+03:00

This study synthesizes recent evidence on the Community Action Cycle (CAC) as a participatory and cyclical framework for community-driven development. While CAC is increasingly applied across sectors, the literature remains fragmented in how the framework is conceptualized and implemented. This study therefore conducts a systematic literature review of publications between 2020 and 2026 to examine definitions, application contexts, stages, outcomes, and implementation challenges associated with CAC. Guided by PRISMA principles, 81 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, drawing from peer-reviewed and selected grey literature. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach to identify patterns across conceptualization, practice, and outcomes. The findings show that CAC is consistently defined as a structured, participatory, and iterative process that positions communities as active agents in identifying problems, planning interventions, implementing actions, and evaluating outcomes. The framework is applied across multiple sectors, with the strongest concentration in public health and community development. Across studies, implementation most frequently emphasizes problem identification, planning, and action, while reflection and iterative learning are less consistently integrated. The review further indicates that CAC is associated with multi-level outcomes, including community empowerment, capacity building, inclusion, behavioral change, and social cohesion, as well as broader systems-level influence. However, persistent challenges are reported, including unequal participation, power imbalances, resource constraints, weak institutional support, and conceptual ambiguity. The study concludes that while CAC remains a conceptually robust and adaptable framework, its effectiveness depends on strengthening participatory inclusivity, reinforcing iterative learning processes, and aligning institutional and policy environments with its cyclical and empowerment-oriented design.

The Role of Group and Individual Endorsements in Shaping Para Athlete Performance

2026-07-16T11:47:31+03:00

This study explores the impact of endorsements on the performance of Para Athletes in Kenya, focusing on dimensions such as athletic expertise, competitive style, sportsmanship, and rivalry, guided by the Athlete Brand Image model. Using an exploratory case study design, twenty Para Athletes were selected through theoretical sampling, with data collected via in-depth interviews and observations, supplemented by a pilot study to ensure validity and reliability. Grounded theory analysis revealed a significant lack of endorsement opportunities, with most athletes reporting limited or no interaction with sponsors. Two key themes emerged: the absence of structured endorsement support and the critical role of leadership within Para Sports in shaping the endorsement landscape. Participants unanimously expressed willingness to embrace endorsements, citing potential benefits such as improved training, motivation, visibility, and financial support. The findings underscore the urgent need to reconfigure organizational structures within the Kenya Paralympics movement to foster endorsement opportunities. Addressing these gaps can promote inclusivity, enhance athlete well-being, and strengthen competitive performance.

Comparative Analysis of Bayesian and Classical Logistic Regression for Credit Scoring in Kenya Using Non-Informative Priors

2026-07-15T16:24:54+03:00

Credit scoring is essential for financial institutions, particularly in Kenya, where limited or nonexistent credit histories complicate the assessment of new clients. Classical logistic regression models, though widely used, can underperform in such data-scarce environments. This study compared classical logistic regression with Bayesian logistic regression models employing non-informative priors, based on several classification criteria, to assess whether non-informative priors can be successfully used in developing credit scoring models without compromising predictive accuracy. Data was collected retrospectively from one of the tier-one commercial banks in Kenya. The data included borrower demographic information, financial attributes, credit history, and loan default status. The performance of the models was compared mainly using AUC. The results showed that the Uniform prior model achieved the highest AUC (0.8642), Normal prior model (0.8639), Jeffrey’s prior model (0.8636), and Classical model (0.8635). The study provided a comprehensive overview of other metrics, such as residual deviance, precision, accuracy, recall, and specificity, in order to give room for the financier to choose their preferred model depending on the specific objectives and risk appetite. In addition, each model's strengths and limitations were highlighted in order to give room for further exploration of the models for better predictive performance.

Leveraging Indigenous Agricultural Practices for Climate Change Resilience in Kenya: A Case of Mogotio Sub-County, Baringo

2026-07-16T11:24:32+03:00

Indigenous agricultural practices, refined over generations, present viable solutions for strengthening climate change resilience. However, limited research exists on their effectiveness in mitigating climate impacts in Mogotio sub-County. This study aimed to assess the role of indigenous agricultural methods in enhancing climate resilience in Mogotio sub-County, Baringo, Kenya. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, targeting 384 households selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected using household questionnaires. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including logit regression analysis. The findings revealed that drought-resistant crop varieties (43.2%), indigenous livestock breeds (25%), water conservation techniques (15.9%), and indigenous seeds (15.9%) were the major indigenous practices used to cope with climate variability. Respondents reported that indigenous practices improved agricultural yields through increased resistance of indigenous livestock breeds to harsh climatic conditions (46.2%), maintenance of production during dry seasons (27%), faster crop maturity (15%), and reduced production costs (12%). Logit regression results showed that coping with reduced rainfall (odds ratio = 2.11, p = 0.004), perceived improvement in agricultural yields through indigenous practices (odds ratio = 3.32, p = 0.001), and community knowledge sharing (odds ratio = 2.59, p = 0.002) significantly enhanced climate change resilience. The study concludes that indigenous agricultural practices and community knowledge systems play a significant role in strengthening climate resilience in Mogotio sub-County. The study recommends increased awareness programs on the benefits of indigenous agricultural practices and greater support from county and national governments through subsidized indigenous seeds, livestock breeds, and farming inputs suited to local climatic conditions.

The State of Green Construction Finance in Kenya: Identifying Drivers and Barriers for Real Estate Developers

2026-07-16T13:00:21+03:00

The construction sector in Kenya is a primary driver of economic growth but remains a significant contributor to environmental degradation and resource depletion. Despite the global emergence of green construction finance as a tool for sustainable development, its adoption in Kenya is remarkably low. This study seeks to: (i) establish the extent of awareness of green construction finance among real estate developers in Kenya, (ii) examine the drivers and barriers influencing the uptake of green construction finance in Kenya, and (iii) establish ways of enhancing the uptake of green construction finance in Kenya. Employing a cross-sectional census survey of all 69 registered developers under the Kenya Property Developers Association (KPDA), the research achieved a 79.7% response rate. The findings reveal that awareness is primarily limited to technical building aspects rather than specialized financial instruments, with significant knowledge gaps identified regarding tax incentives and application processes. Key drivers for uptake include the potential for lower operating costs, enhanced marketability, and the need for supportive regulatory frameworks. However, these are overshadowed by a web of barriers consisting of high upfront costs, limited access to affordable green loans, and a lack of standardized green finance taxonomies. Based on these findings, the study concludes that the adoption of green construction finance in Kenya remains at a nascent stage, requiring deliberate and coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders to accelerate its growth. The study emphasizes the need for a synchronized ecosystem involving policy intervention, financial innovation, and capacity building. Recommendations include the implementation of a comprehensive green construction finance policy framework that provides clear guidelines, standards, and incentives for sustainable construction and the promotion of innovative green financial products tailored to the construction sector.

Influence of Spatio-Temporal Changes of Nyando Wetland on Watershed Stakeholders’ Perceptions on Its Sustainable Management

2026-07-22T12:04:31+03:00

Nyando Wetland provides the watershed community with a range of interrelated environmental functions and socio-economic benefits that support a variety of livelihood opportunities. Threats from overuse and unsustainable management due to the adoption of a top-down approach interfere with the ecological functions of the wetland, resulting in spatio-temporal changes. This raises concerns about watershed stakeholders’ perceptions in the management process. This paper employs a mixed research design to investigate the influence of spatio-temporal changes on watershed stakeholders’ perceptions of sustainable management of Nyando Wetland. This will inform policy for the adoption of management options that involve stakeholders from the grassroots (Bottom-up approach). The target population of the study constituted 384 household heads, 45 heads of institutions, and 5 experts in wetland conservation and management. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 384 household heads at the household level. Purposive sampling was also used to select 45 heads of institutions and 5 experts for key informant interviews. Questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observation were used to collect primary data. Remote sensing imagery was used to collect secondary data. Cross-tabulation and Chi-Square were used to analyze data. Results show a general decline in the Nyando Wetland area of 2269 ha (-27%) between the years 1992 and 2022. Further, stakeholders have divergent perceptions on sustainable management. Also, an increase or decrease in wetland area directly influences perceptions of sustainable management. Therefore, stakeholder participation should be fostered in decision-making. This will aid in the sustainable management of wetlands where participatory and conservation strategies align ecological restoration with the socio-economic needs of the watershed community. The paper recommends the restoration of the lost Nyando Wetland area through participatory wetland rehabilitation.

Influence of Access to Credit on Milk Productivity Among Small-Scale Dairy Farmers in Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County

2026-07-16T13:43:15+03:00

This study examined the influence of access to credit on milk productivity among small-scale dairy farmers in Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya. A total of 120 respondents were chosen using simple random and proportionate sampling methods. Descriptive statistics determined the frequencies and percentages of credit access, amounts borrowed in Kenyan Shillings (KES), and the purposes of borrowing. The findings revealed that 57.5% of small-scale dairy farmers had access to credit, with the majority (60.9%) borrowing through table banking via farmer groups. Most farmers (40%) borrowed between KES 10,000 and KES 20,000, mainly to purchase animal feeds, which accounted for the largest share of credit utilization (40%), followed by parasite and disease control (19%). Simple linear regression revealed a significant positive relationship between credit access and milk productivity (p < 0.05). The scope for credit is broad, but the capital actually obtained remains inadequate for large-scale investment. Significantly, “table banking” by farmer groups emerged as the main driver of credit accessibility. The analysis highlights feed costs, disease management, and parasite control as the most crucial financial burdens from the perspective of operational constraints. However, there is a strong latent demand for breed improvements to increase output. The study recommends that table banking should be formalized and scaled up among farmer groups for optimal productivity. Policy interventions should also prioritize subsidies for high-quality feeds, for resilient dairy breeds, and for strengthening localized veterinary extensions to reduce the costs of disease and parasite management.

Assessment of the Relationship Between Physico-Chemical Parameters and Phytoplankton Biomass Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson Correlation Coefficient: A Case of Lake Naivasha, Kenya

2026-07-16T11:34:13+03:00

Physico-chemical parameters play a significant role in determining the limnological and ecological functioning of aquatic spaces. These parameters have the ability to sustain aquatic functions and values as well as support organisms. The study was conducted to determine the relationship between physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass. Water samples for nutrient and algae biomass were collected in triplicates monthly at seven sampling points in Lake Naivasha and laboratory analyses were conducted following the standard methods described by the American Public Health Association (APHA). Data was organized and analyzed with Single Factor Analysis of Variances (ANOVA). Correlation and PCA was done using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Minitab software and the significant differences considered at p-value ≤ 0.05. Tukey pairwise multiple comparisons were used for post hoc analysis. The results showed the mean temperature of 22.73 ± 1.6 °C, DO 8.51 ± 0.87 mg/L, conductivity 233.85 ± 26.94 μS/cm, pH 8.13 ± 0.3. TN were 471 ± 170.61 µg/L, PO₄ 5.88 ± 2.12 µg/L, TP 97.97 ± 49.06 µg/L, NO₃-N 6.70 ± 3.55 µg/L, NH₄-N 18.93 ± 10.91 µg/L and SiO₂ 3.18 ± 2.99 mg/l. A total of one hundred and twenty-four (124) species belonging to six (6) taxonomic groups were identified. The family Chlorophyceae contributed to 43.84 % of the total phytoplankton biovolume. This was followed by the family Bacillariophyceae with 37.50 % and Cyanophyceae with 8.06 % of the total phytoplankton biovolume. The families Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae, and Zygnematophyceae recorded lower phytoplankton biovolume of 5.79 %, 2.90 % and 1.91 %, respectively. Pearson correlation showed a positive showed a positive relationship between phytoplankton biomass and key physico-chemical parameter. The results indicate that Lake Naivasha is polluted with pollutants from domestic wastewater, agricultural and/ or surface run off. Sewage discharge point and R. Malewa mouth were identified as the main point sources of pollution. Therefore, there is need for measures to be put in place to reduce water pollution from these points in order to improve the water quality of the lake.

Agricultural Biotechnology in Food Security and Poverty Alleviation in Kenya: Prospects, Challenges, and Strategic Pathways

2026-07-22T10:23:31+03:00

Kenya, being a member state of the United Nations (UN), is committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, with an exponentially growing human population coupled with a decline in the performance of the agriculture sector over the last decade, achievement of the first two SDGs of ending poverty and hunger may seem difficult. Levels of austerity and food insecurity are rampant, especially in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). Agricultural biotechnology offers a way out but comes with challenges. This study, therefore, explored the prospects, challenges, and strategic pathways associated with agricultural biotechnology. Desktop Research Design was adopted. Articles were sourced from multiple electronic databases. The study established that agricultural biotechnology has the potential to boost food productivity in the ASALs through the introduction of hardy but productive breeds of livestock and varieties of crops. Furthermore, the study established that agricultural biotechnology presents nutritional and environmental benefits. Besides the prospects, the study also identified possible health, economic, and environmental challenges associated with agricultural biotechnology, especially Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). The study, therefore, recommended that the National Biosafety Authority, with help from the ministries of Agriculture, Environment, and Health, should undertake independent and unbiased research on the potential prospects and challenges of agricultural biotechnology and disseminate the findings to Kenyans to enable them to make informed decisions on whether to embrace or reject agricultural biotechnology.

Avenue Tree Species Diversity, Stand Volume and Natural Regeneration Status Along the Faculty of Agriculture Road to NUGA Gate, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

2026-07-16T12:48:18+03:00

Forest trees species growing in and around forest estates required information to ensure sustainable management especially avenue trees in our tertiary educational institutions in Nigeria, which provided many ecosystem services such as species conservation, preservation of habitat for plants and animals, reservoirs for biodiversity, habitat to diverse animal species, sources of timber, medicinal plants, recreation activities, carbon sequestration, watershed protection and also form the livelihood for many different human settlements. This study assessed avenue tree species diversity, stand volume, and regeneration status of avenue trees planted along Faculty of Agriculture Road, from East-West Seed Site Roundabout to NUGA Gate, Ahmadu Bello University Main Campus, Zaria. A total enumeration approach was used, covering all avenue trees along a 18,750 m² stretch on both sides of the road. Tree height was measured using a Haga altimeter, DBH was also measured using a diameter tape, and the number of wildlings counted and recorded (≤ 30 cm height) within 2 m of each mature tree. Biodiversity indices were analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener and Pielou’s Evenness formulas. Results revealed 14 species from 8 families, dominated by Meliaceae. The mean tree volume ranges from a minimum of 2.60m³for the Malvaceae family to a maximum of 56.99m³ in the Meliaceae family. Khaya senegalensis and Azadirachta indica of Meliaceae had the highest mean volume (56.99m³), while the lowest was recorded in Adansonia digitata (2.60m³) of the Malvaceae family. The family of Meliaceae was regarded as the dominant family in the avenue with 48 tree species. Shannon-Weiner diversity index and species equitability index according to Pielou are 1.80 and 0.68, respectively, obtained for the study. This shows that the avenue tree species is biologically diverse. The regeneration potentials of most species are zero, owing to anthropogenic pressure on the mother trees, which would have produced the wildlings within the avenue, apart from a few species like Albizia lebbeck, with moderately high regeneration potential, and Khaya senegalensis, with low regeneration potential. It is recommended that fast-growing, disease-tolerant, and shade avenue trees should be raised and planted by the University authorities to fill the gaps to obtain maximum productivity and a conducive learning environment for students and to improve the aesthetic view of the entire campus landscape. Also, frequent surveys and inventories of trees on campus should be conducted by relevant stakeholders to assess their abundance, distribution, and density, as well as structural and physical changes necessary for sustainable management practices.

Watershed Stakeholders’ Awareness and Perceptions About the Land Use Practices on Sustainable Management of Nyando Wetland, Kenya

2026-07-22T11:56:16+03:00

Nyando Wetland has numerous resources that support important economic and ecological activities. Lack of awareness and negative perceptions among watershed stakeholders result in negative occurrences such as burning, drainage, and clearing of land for grazing and agriculture; over-exploitation of wetland resources and dumping of wastes. These activities interfere with the well-being of the wetland, putting it at risk of degradation or depletion of resources amid an urgent need for protection. As such, Nyando Wetland sustainable management is in limbo, questioning the viability of watershed stakeholders’ awareness and perceptions about the land use practices on sustainable management in the planning process. This paper employs a mixed research design to assess watershed stakeholders’ awareness and perceptions about the land use practices for sustainable management. This will foster shared responsibility and leverage local ecological knowledge to balance biodiversity protection with human resource use. The target population of the study consisted of 384 household heads, 45 heads of institutions, and 5 experts in wetland conservation and management. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 384 household heads at the household level. Purposive sampling was also used to select 45 heads of institutions and 5 experts for key informant interviews. Questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observation were used to collect primary data. The literature review was used to collect secondary data. Cross-tabulation and Chi-Square were used to analyze data. Results show that stakeholders have divergent perceptions with varied levels of awareness about land use practices for sustainable management. Thus, watershed stakeholder education should be prioritized for effective management planning and decision-making. This will build local ownership, integrate diverse knowledge, and foster long-term ecological resilience. The paper recommends targeted communication, proactive engagement, and educational initiatives to raise stakeholder awareness for the development of positive perceptions in the execution of sustainable land use practices.

One-Pot Synthesis of Novel Isoxazoline, Pyrazines, Bypyrimidine and Oxime Templates

2026-07-16T14:06:20+03:00

Retrieval of low bioactivity phytochemicals and activity optimization through semi-synthetic derivatization is currently the most promising route to drug development. The flavonoids, especially chalcones, from Polygonum senegalense are biologically active. However, they have not been commercialized as drugs because of their low therapeutic value, as guided by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the current study, the flavonoids were derivatised to new isoxazoline, pyrazole, oxime, and bypyrimidine. Two isoxazoline analogues, 4-(4,5-dihydro-5-phenylisoxazol-3-yl)-5-methoxybenzene-1,3-diol (1), and 2-(4,5-dihydro-3-phenylisoxazol-5-yl)-3,6-dimethoxyphenol (2) were successfully afforded by reactions of two chalcones, (E)-1-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyprop-2-en-1-one and (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-en-1-one with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine respectively. A similar reaction between 1',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone (or (E)-1-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyprop-2-en-1-one) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanol, adopted for synthesis of oxazole derivative, yielded an oxime instead (3). to introduce heteroatomic Sulphur on a six-membered ring and obtain a bypyrimidine derivative, 4,5-dihydro-6-(2,4- dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpyrimidine-2-(1H)-thione (4) -unsaturated chalcone was reacted with thiourea. The structure elucidation was done using ESIHRMS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and DEPT spectral data analyses. The study revealed that it is possible to generate several semi-synthetic products, most of which are heterocyclic, with improved functionality and bioactivity from natural products by leveraging -unsaturation and other active sites.

Quantitative Determination of Formaldehyde and Ammonium Thioglycolate (ATG) Allergen Levels as “Quality Markers” in Commercial Synthetic Braiding Hair Sold in Selected Cosmetic Beauty Shops in Kisii Town, Kenya

2026-07-15T13:17:08+03:00

The current study investigated the quality of commercial synthetic braiding hair sold to consumers in a classical African beauty shop by determining the presence of Formaldehyde and Ammonium Thioglycolate (ATG) allergens present. These hair extensions often produced from traces of human hair, natural fibers or synthetic fibers lead to chemical exposure to consumers increasing public health concerns. Targeted analysis (TA) was used to analyse the chemical composition of commonly used commercial Synthetic braiding hair. Allergic reactions that include scalp irritation and dandruffs have been reported among consumers in frequent users. The model compounds in this study, i.e. Formaldehyde and Ammonium Thioglycolate have been specifically associated with various skin conditions. A total of 6 samples i.e. (3) samples of the same braiding hair samples were obtained from atleast two cosmetic beauty shops in Kisii town, Kenya. The samples were analysed in the laboratory first by cutting and dividing the elongated samples into (3) parts; (i) center (ii) outer (iii) Ends. Separate pieces of the cut braids from all the brands were cut into small pieces, placed into (18) separate test tubes securely inserted into (3) test tube stands. Qualitative visual determination of the presence of Formaldehyde and Ammonium Thioglycolate in the samples in each test tube was achieved using the silver mirror test (Tollens’ reagent) and silver nitrate solution. Quantitative determination was done using chemical concentration in the samples was determined by UV-Vis Spectroscopy (SHIMADZU 1800) at λ= 353 nm. The results were analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods that included observation and interpretation, while quantitative data was analyzed using correlation analysis and data visualization techniques. This led to the conclusion of the absence of Ammonium Thioglycolate (ATG) in the sample’s alpha and Omega. For both alpha and omega samples, the appearance of s silver mirror in the test tube confirmed the presence of formaldehyde. The average concentration of formaldehyde (ppm) was determined as follows: -[alpha = 80 ppm; omega=50 ppm)]. Hair braiding sections revealed the following formaldehyde loadings as follows :-[(( alpha)- center=80 ppm; outer layer=90 ppm; Ends/edges=70 ppm) ;(Omega)- center=50 ppm; outer layer 70 ppm; Ends/edges= 40 ppm))]. The results indicate the alpha brand is of better quality due to lower formaldehyde levels. The results show increased presence of formaldehyde at the outer layer of the hair braiding samples while the ends/edges showed decreased levels. The current study concludes that both alpha and omega hair braiding samples did not contained any traces of ammonium thioglycolate result but were contaminated with formaldehyde.

Environmental Implications of Heavy Metals in Spent Oil - Contaminated Soil of Kaduna Northern Guinea Savanna Ecozone of Nigeria

2026-07-22T11:01:44+03:00

Pollution of the city/urban soil by contaminants arising from spent oil and other sources is considered a serious problem. Lead (Pb) has long been known as a potential hazard to health, especially in cities where users of spent oil, especially mechanics, indiscriminately dump the oil in the farmlands, which releases high quantities of lead into the soil and environment. Consequently, this study assessed heavy metals in soil samples polluted with spent oil in the Kaduna Northern Guinea Savanna ecozone of Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from six (6) different farmlands (Mando, Rigachuku, Panteka, Sabo-Birnin, Buruku, and Jaji) where spent engine oil was frequently dumped by mechanics near auto mechanic workshops and where mechanic activities had been carried out for a period of 5 – 7 years using a subjective sampling method. Topsoil only was collected from each site; these soil samples were thoroughly mixed and labeled as polluted samples (PS). Topsoil samples were equally collected from six (6) other farms located within the same sites where no auto mechanic workshops had been sited before, nor had any mechanic activities been carried out. These samples were bulked and also labelled as an unpolluted sample (US). Soil heavy metal analysis was carried out using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model Buck 210 VGP) following Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedures. The results show increases in Cd (100%), Pb (71.94%), Sn (65.91%), Cr (63.83%), Hg (58.14%), and Ni (63.93%), while silver (Ag) remains undetected in both PS and US. In conclusion, the soil absorbs and accrues heavy metals above the allowable limits of the WHO/FAO/EEA permissible limit standard, respectively. In view of these negative effects, the general public, especially the mechanics, should be enlightened about the dangers involved in indiscriminate dumping of spent oil on farmlands, from a health and environmental point of view, with convincing reasons, while it needs to be controlled.

Whose Blue Economy? Power and Coastal Livelihood Struggles in Tanzania

2026-07-16T13:15:22+03:00

This study investigates the implications of blue economy policies on the livelihoods of coastal communities in Tanzania, with a particular focus on small-scale fishing communities. The objective was to explore how recent blue economy interventions influence access to marine resources, income generation, and overall well-being. A qualitative research approach was employed, involving 26 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions conducted in Mbegani (Bagamoyo District) and the Ferry landing site (Kigamboni District). Data were analysed using content analysis. The findings indicate that blue economy interventions, particularly port development and the establishment of marine protected areas, have significantly disrupted local livelihoods. These interventions have restricted access to traditional fishing grounds, led to displacement, reduced fish catches, increased operational costs, and heightened conflicts between fishers and regulatory authorities. Additionally, limited community participation in decision-making processes has further exacerbated marginalisation. The study concludes that, despite their developmental promises, current blue economy policies tend to prioritise economic and conservation objectives over the livelihoods and rights of coastal communities. From a political ecology perspective, these outcomes reflect underlying power asymmetries in marine resource governance. The study calls for the adoption of more inclusive and participatory policy frameworks that recognise and protect the rights of small-scale fishers. It also calls for improved transparency in decision-making, fair compensation mechanisms, and the development of alternative livelihood strategies to ensure that blue economy initiatives contribute to equitable and sustainable development.

Mediatization of Religion and Religious Mediatization during and post the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Rise of Electronic Pulpits and Digital Congregations

2026-07-22T10:30:01+03:00

Could the pandemic have been a catalyst for religious mediatization? This research article examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between media and religion. It is arguable that the influence of the secular media on religious issues largely contributed to the mediatization of religion being a vanguard of religious mediatization. This would be explained by the understanding of the commodification of the media space, with the opportunity to reach more people only available to the highest bidder, said differently, the capture of secular media by a few charismatic and renowned televangelists. As a result, more religious formations established television and radio stations and YouTube/Meta channels (Facebook & Instagram) to broadcast to their audiences as a protest against mainstream secular media. The paper queries whether the hunger among audiences might have led to the exponential rise of many electronic pulpits and digital congregations. This research article used the mediatization theory to explain the intricate relationship between religion and the media and to examine literature from other jurisdictions. Data was gathered from the CITAM Church Online platform and from the church AGM analytics on the platform's reach and impact.

Consumer Information and Sustainable Marketing in Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya

2026-07-16T11:56:21+03:00

The rapid climatic changes orchestrated by environmental degradation have seen unprecedented dynamics in every sector globally, forcing the world to steadily embrace sustainable measures to contain the adverse climatic effects. Sustainable marketing is one of these measures, which aims at encouraging consumers to embrace environmentally friendly products and services. Unlike traditional marketing, where the main aim was to maximize sales through transforming non-consumers into consumers, sustainable marketing aims at promoting responsible consumption with the aim of not only enhancing sales, but also conserving the environment. While large organizations, particularly multinationals, have been at the forefront of embracing sustainable marketing, this has not been the case for small and medium enterprises. These enterprises face a wide range of challenges, and their focus is mainly driven by short-term success rather than long-term sustainability. Available evidence shows that SMEs are among the main contributors to environmental degradation, despite their minimal efforts to conserve the environment through initiatives like sustainable marketing. On the other hand, consumer information has been known to play an essential role in determining the effectiveness of marketing strategies and approaches, including sustainable marketing. This, however, remains scantily evaluated in the Kenyan context, especially among small and medium enterprises, showing contextual, conceptual, methodological, and geographical gaps. This study therefore sought to evaluate the role played by consumer information in the embrace of sustainable marketing among small and medium enterprises in Kenya. Through an explanatory research design, the study surveyed 200 SMEs in Nairobi County using a structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that consumer information seeking among the SMEs was integral in steering sustainable marketing. Moreover, consumer awareness creation was integral in informing the consumers on products and services’ qualities and features thus steering sustainable marketing. The study concluded that sustainable marketing had not been effectively embraced among most of the SMEs in Kenya, and this was significantly caused by ineffective collection of consumer information, as well as engagement of consumers to understand their needs and preferences.

A Systematic Review: The Impact of E-Office Management in Improving Service Delivery in Public Institutions in Tanzania

2026-07-22T11:08:27+03:00

Pollution of the city/urban soil by contaminants arising from spent oil and other sources is considered a serious problem. Lead (Pb) has long been known as a potential hazard to health, especially in cities where users of spent oil, especially mechanics, indiscriminately dump the oil in the farmlands, which releases This study examines the impact of electronic office (e-office) management systems on service delivery in public institutions in Tanzania through a systematic review of recent scholarly literature. As governments increasingly adopt digital governance strategies to improve administrative performance, e-office systems have emerged as important tools for modernizing internal administrative processes, including document management, communication, and workflow coordination. Using a systematic literature review approach, the study analysed peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and academic publications published between 2020 and 2025 from major academic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The review focused on studies addressing digital governance, electronic administrative systems, and service delivery performance within Tanzania and comparable developing country contexts. The findings indicate that e-office systems contribute significantly to improved administrative efficiency by enabling faster document processing, electronic file tracking, and more effective coordination among government departments. Digital administrative platforms also enhance transparency and accountability by creating traceable electronic records that facilitate monitoring and auditing of institutional activities. Furthermore, the reviewed literature shows that the adoption of digital systems can improve decision-making processes and reduce bureaucratic delays traditionally associated with paper-based administrative procedures. However, the review also identifies several challenges affecting the effective implementation of e-office systems, including limited ICT infrastructure, inadequate digital competencies among public servants, financial constraints, and cybersecurity concerns. In addition, the analysis reveals a significant research gap in existing literature, as most studies on digital governance in Tanzania focus primarily on citizen-facing e-government platforms such as electronic payment systems and online service portals, while relatively limited empirical attention has been given to internal electronic office management systems. The study therefore highlights the need for further empirical research examining how e-office systems influence administrative workflow efficiency and service delivery outcomes across public institutions in Tanzania.

Digital Storytelling for Women's Empowerment in Africa: The Case of Tareasa Johnson and Rose Adikin

2026-07-22T10:52:55+03:00

Digital storytelling has emerged as a powerful tool for amplifying vulnerable and marginalized voices. This study was inspired by Tareasa Johnson (Reesa Teesa), a master storyteller whose viral story on TikTok captivated millions globally. Within 21 days, the 50-part video series had attracted 400 million views and 3.6 million followers, up from 8,000. The study explored how digital storytelling can serve as a tool for women’s economic, social, and political empowerment across Africa. It documents the lived experiences of two women (Tareasa Johnson and Rose Adikin), examines digital storytelling techniques, and uncovers the challenges they face in digital storytelling. Grounded in constructivist theory and using the qualitative phenomenological design, the study examined online videos posted by two purposively sampled Black women and conducted a content analysis of newspaper coverage of the two women’s stories. Data was analyzed thematically, with six themes identified: Cultural adaptation and identity, community building, economic empowerment, emotional resilience, digital storytelling challenges, and production techniques. The study recommends that governments, media organizations, and NGOs recognize and adapt digital storytelling as a strategic tool for grassroots empowerment and policy engagement and prioritize investments in digital infrastructure, digital literacy programs for women, and the creation of safe, inclusive online spaces.

Beyond Words: Silence as an Illocutionary Act

2026-07-22T11:16:06+03:00

This paper explores silence as an illocutionary act within the context of Kenyan school assembly discourse, guided by Searle’s Speech Act Theory. Drawing on thirty two observed instances of silence collected from various school assembly events, the study explores how moments of deliberate silence function communicatively. This paper finds out that silence takes expressive, assertive, directive, commissive and declarative functions. Silence is not a mere absence of speech in school assemblies as it expresses disappointments, solidarity, enables cognitive uptake, elicit compliance of directives, facilitates implicit commitments and it is also a sign of following performative declarations. These interpretations were arrived at based on contextual cues, sequential position in discourse, and observable audience and speaker behavior. Each silence was analyzed using Searle’s felicity conditions to determine its illocutionary force. The findings underscore that silence is not merely the absence of speech but is a strategic communicative resource embedded within the institutional and cultural routines of school life. The study contributes to the broader field of pragmatics by demonstrating that silence carries a distinct illocutionary force and should be recognized by linguists as a legitimate speech act in its own right.

Emerging Trends in Uptake of Stem Courses in University by Female Students in Kenya

2026-07-15T13:34:44+03:00

This study examines emerging trends in the uptake of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) courses among female students in Kenyan universities between 2015 and 2021. Grounded in Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, the research explores how socialization, role models, and environmental factors influence female participation in STEM. A descriptive survey and ex post facto research design were employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data collected from five selected universities. Data were analyzed using SPSS, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings reveal that although enrolment in STEM courses increased for both male and female students over the study period, male students consistently outnumbered females across all disciplines. The overall gender disparity ranged between 11% and 14%. Engineering and Physics remained highly male-dominated, with ratios reaching 4:1, while Mathematics and Chemistry showed a narrowing gender gap, with Chemistry approaching parity. Statistical tests confirmed that these differences were significant (p < 0.001). The study concludes that, despite measurable progress in female participation, gender inequality in STEM persists in Kenya. It recommends targeted, discipline-specific interventions, including mentorship programmes, gender-responsive pedagogy, and increased visibility of female role models, to enhance equitable participation and achieve sustainable gender parity in STEM education.

Bridging the Knowledge–Behaviour Gap: Environmental Education for Sustainable Development in Kenya

2026-07-16T12:33:32+03:00

Environmental education (EE) has emerged as a cornerstone of global sustainability agendas, particularly within the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) framework endorsed by UNESCO. In developing countries, where ecological vulnerability intersects with poverty, food insecurity, and climate exposure, EE holds special promise. Kenya presents a compelling case study: a lower-middle-income country with significant biodiversity assets, advanced policy commitments to EE, and a dynamic civil society tradition of community-based ecological stewardship.This review provides the first systematic synthesis of evidence on the role of environmental education (EE) in driving sustainable development outcomes in Kenya across formal, non-formal, and community settings. It examines the policy architecture governing EE, the nature and scope of EE interventions, documented effects on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour, and the structural and contextual factors mediating EE effectiveness. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across six electronic databases, supplemented by grey literature. Forty-seven studies published 2000–2024 met final inclusion criteria after double-blind screening (Cohen’s kappa = 0.82).EE demonstrates positive effects on environmental knowledge (80.9% of studies) and pro-environmental attitudes (84.4%). Behavioural outcomes are more variable (62.1% positive), reflecting a persistent knowledge-attitude-behaviour (KAB) gap. Community-based programmes integrating indigenous knowledge and livelihood co-benefits show the strongest behavioural effects. This review provides the first comprehensive systematic synthesis of EE effectiveness across formal, non-formal, and community settings in Kenya (2000–2024), offering transferable lessons for comparable developing-country contexts. EE is a necessary but insufficient driver of sustainable development without systemic support. Priority recommendations include strengthening EE within the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC), building sustainable financing mechanisms, and establishing a national EE monitoring and evaluation framework aligned with the SDGs.

Attitude and Self-Efficacy as Determinants of ICT Integration in Implementing Competency-Based Education in Junior Schools, Rangwe Sub-County, Homa Bay County, Kenya

2026-07-15T16:53:25+03:00

The new Competency-Based Education (CBE) has identified digital literacy as one of the core competencies. This is intended to prepare learners for 21st-century job-related tasks that demanded innovation and creativity. However, effectively integrating ICT in teaching and learning has been a daunting task. This study interrogated the integration of information communication technology for effective implementation of the competency-based curriculum. More precisely, the survey aimed to determine the degree to which attitude, and level of self-efficacy influenced effective implementation of CBE in junior schools in Rangwe Sub-County. The study was guided by Technology Acceptance Model. The research design adopted a mixed method approach. The target population comprised 101 head teachers, 205 junior school teachers, and 101 public junior schools in the Rangwe Sub-County. The study selected 30% of junior public secondary school heads of institutions and teachers using a stratified random sampling. The sample size was 101 respondents comprising 33 heads of institutions and 58 teachers. Instruments were questionnaires and interview schedules. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data. The qualitative data was analysed thematically. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the connection between independent and dependent variables. Notably, the study findings revealed that attitude and level of self-efficacy influenced effective implementation of CBE in junior schools. The study recommends prioritized investments in post-training mentorship, school-based coaching, peer-support systems to promote positive attitudes toward ICT, and empowering teachers with high ICT self-efficacy to act as digital champions or mentors within their schools. Significantly, the study influences junior school ICT integration policies with a view of better integration strategies.

Effectiveness of Technology Integration on Students' Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in Turkana County, Kenya

2026-07-16T13:23:13+03:00

The increasing integration of digital technologies into education has transformed teaching and learning processes globally; however, evidence on their effectiveness in improving students’ academic performance remains inconsistent, particularly in under-resourced and marginalized regions where infrastructural and capacity constraints persist. This study therefore examined the effectiveness of technology integration on students’ academic performance in secondary schools in Turkana County, Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated the influence of classroom technology integration and teacher ICT competence on students’ academic performance. The study adopted a descriptive survey and correlational research design. Data were collected from secondary school students and teachers using structured questionnaires, while students’ academic performance was measured using document analysis of school records, including continuous assessment tests and end-of-term examination scores. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between technology integration and students’ academic performance. Teacher ICT competence emerged as the strongest predictor of academic performance, followed by classroom technology integration practices. The study further established that inadequate ICT infrastructure, limited access to digital devices, poor internet connectivity, and insufficient teacher ICT training hinder effective integration of educational technologies in schools.

Influence of Labour Market Information on Agricultural Programmes Curriculum Development in National Polytechnics: Case of the Kisii National Polytechnic, Kenya

2026-07-15T12:48:29+03:00

Agricultural curricula worldwide must advance to meet dynamic labour market demands. Labour Market Information (LMI) surveys provide critical insights into employment trends, skill levels, and training needs, enabling demand‑driven curriculum development. This study examined the influence of LMI on agricultural programmes at Kisii National Polytechnic, Kenya, with surveys conducted across 15 regions including Bomet, Kericho, Bungoma, Trans Nzoia, Busia, Siaya, Kisii, Nyamira, Transmara, Nairobi, Homabay, Migori, Nakuru, Naivasha, and Kisumu. Using a cross‑sectional baseline survey and qualitative design, data were collected from 159 organizations and 435 respondents via KoboCollect questionnaires. Findings revealed that 21% of respondents believed graduates lacked sufficient practical skills. Key areas requiring improvement included agricultural technology (15.7%), ICT integration (14.0%), value addition (13.3%), and soft skills (10.7%). Respondents emphasized capacity building in agro‑processing (11.1%), agricultural value addition (9.8%), animal health and production (9.6%), ICT integration (7.5%), dairy production, crop production, and artificial insemination (6.1%). The study concluded that competencies missing in the sector include agro‑processing, smart agriculture, poultry farming, dairy technology, animal disease diagnosis, greenhouse management, agronomy, irrigation, and drainage. Integrating these skills into curricula will bridge gaps, enhance employability, and align training with labour market needs.

Early Career Selection in Kenya’s CBC: A Critique of Pathways and Implications

2026-07-16T13:07:45+03:00

Kenya’s Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) requires learners aged 14-15 to select a career pathway (STEM, Social Sciences, or Arts and Sports Science) at entry into Senior Secondary School. This early specialisation mechanism risks being developmentally premature, inequitable, and operationally rigid, yet its implications for long-term career development have not been systematically critiqued. Employing a three‑step critical policy analysis, this paper traces global and local forces shaping CBC, analyses pathway selection through Super’s vocational development theory, and examines political and economic factors including resource allocation and infrastructure disparities. The analysis reveals a “flexibility paradox”: CBC promises structural flexibility but current implementation produces practical rigidity. Resource constraints, lack of standardised psychometric tools, a shortage of trained career counsellors, and tightly bundled subject packages make pathway switching difficult. Requiring pathway commitment at age 14-15 contradicts Super’s exploration stage, which emphasises tentative preferences and progressive self‑crystallisation through experience. The paper concludes that CBC’s early pathway selection mechanism is developmentally premature, exacerbates educational inequalities, and creates psychological distress for learners who later wish to change direction. Without systemic changes, CBC risks replacing one rigid system (8‑4‑4) with another wearing the language of flexibility. To reconcile CBC’s theoretical promise with developmental realities, the paper proposes modular credit systems, structured switching windows (end of Grade 10, mid‑Grade 11), culturally validated psychometric assessments, continuous termly career guidance, school clusters for shared resources, delayed specialisation until Grades 11-12, and decoupling university admission from rigid pathway requirements.

Mentorship through Role Modelling: Influencing Young Academic Careers

2026-07-16T10:20:56+03:00

This study examines the influence of role modelling, as a mentorship practice, on the career development of young academics in Tanzania’s higher learning institutions (HLIs). The motivation for the study stems from increasing evidence that protégés encounter significant developmental challenges, for which mentorship has been identified as a critical intervention. Despite this recognition, there remains a limited empirical understanding of the extent to which role modelling contributes to shaping academic career trajectories. The study was grounded in Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and employed a quantitative research approach within a cross-sectional design. The targeted population was 776 young academic staff, mainly Tutorial Assistants and Assistant Lecturers from three public universities in Tanzania. Stratified sampling techniques were used to select representatives from each university. Data was collected from 242 participants through structured questionnaires. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using Cronbach’s alpha method. The instrument was reliable as its coefficient was 0.936 in 12 items. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used for analysis. The findings revealed that role modelling has a positive effect on academic career development (β = 0.53372, p < .0001). The study concludes that protégés should be intentional in selecting mentors who demonstrate both competence and commitment, while institutions should strengthen mentorship structures through formalized policies and gender-responsive programmes.

Role of Play-Based Learning in Enhancing Psychosocial and Cognitive Development in ECDE Centers in Kakuma Refugee Camp-Turkana County

2026-07-15T13:58:55+03:00

This study examined the role of play-based learning in enhancing psychosocial and cognitive development in Early Childhood Development and Education (ECDE) refugee learning centres in Kakuma, Kenya. Guided by four objectives, the study assessed the extent of play integration in curriculum delivery, examined psychosocial and cognitive outcomes, identified implementation challenges, and generated policy-relevant recommendations for sustaining play-based pedagogy in refugee contexts. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining teacher surveys (N = 27), Head Teachers’ interviews (N = 11), and structured classroom observations across 11 ECDE centres. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed strong integration of play-based learning with a high composite mean score for play integration (M = 4.27, SD = 0.65). Teachers reported frequent use of singing and music (M = 4.89), art-based play (M = 4.67), games (M = 4.44), and storytelling (M = 4.19), while puppetry was least used (M = 2.85), largely due to resource constraints. Psychosocial and cognitive outcomes were strongly endorsed, with all nine outcome indicators recording mean scores above 4.18; peer relationships recorded the highest mean (M = 4.70). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a strong unidimensional psychosocial construct (CR = 0.96; variance explained = 74.53%). Classroom observations corroborate these results, showing frequent positive psychosocial behaviors (overall psychosocial profile M = 2.23) and competent cognitive engagement (CDI M = 2.05). Despite play being pedagogically effective, major challenges such as inadequate play materials and overcrowded classrooms (both M = 4.33) hamper its effective utilization. Overall, the study concludes that play-based learning in Kakuma ECDE centres is pedagogically effective and psychosocially supportive but constrained by systemic and resource limitations, necessitating recommendations on coordinated interventions to sustain inclusive, high-quality early childhood education in refugee settings.

Safety Awareness and Training as Determinants of Effective Safety Standards Implementation in Public Secondary Schools in Kipkelion Sub-County, Kericho County, Kenya

2026-07-15T16:44:03+03:00

Unsafe learning environments negatively influence students’ performance and overall school functioning. Despite the existence of school safety standards in Kenya, cases of unsafe learning conditions continue to rise, signaling gaps in policy implementation. This study investigated the administrative factors determining effective safety standards implementation in public secondary schools in Kipkelion Sub-County, Kericho County. Guided by Systems Theory advanced by L. V. Bertalanffy (1968), the study examined the extent to which safety awareness for teachers, training for members of staff and students influence safety standards implementation. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population comprised 40 principals, 412 teachers, 12,058 learners, and 1 Quality Assurance and Standards Officer. Using stratified and simple random sampling, the study sampled 12 principals, 124 teachers, 1,206 learners, and 1 Quality Assurance and Standards Officer. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, focus group discussions, interview schedules, and observation checklists. Reliability was established through a pilot study and test–retest technique, while validity was ensured through expert review. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, whereas qualitative data were thematically analyzed and presented in narrative form. The findings revealed moderate but uneven implementation of safety standards in secondary schools. Safety awareness showed a statistically significant but modest influence on safety implementation (R² = 0.13), indicating that awareness alone is insufficient without complementary structural support. Teacher training emerged as the strongest predictor of safety implementation (β = .586, p < .001), while student training showed no significant predictive effect. The study concludes that effective safety implementation requires a holistic and integrated approach, combining safety awareness, and strong teacher-centered capacity building. The study recommends strengthening school safety committees, awareness, institutionalizing regular teacher professional development on safety, and improving safety signage. Significantly the study will assist in enhancing the safety policy and safety standards in secondary schools.

Lesson Planning for Evidence-Based Teaching: Bridging Learning Theory and Instructional Design

2026-07-16T13:34:35+03:00

Effective lesson planning is a core professional practice in teaching, yet many educators struggle to move beyond procedural completion of templates toward evidence-based alignment of learning outcomes, activities, and assessments. This paper synthesises insights from the philosophy of education, instructional design theory, cognitive psychology, and formative assessment research to propose a principled framework for lesson planning. Drawing on the concept of teaching as purposeful interaction and the distinction between visible instructional structures and deep learning processes, the paper argues that alignment must operate at multiple levels: outcome-ability congruence using contemporary cognitive taxonomies, outcome-activity correspondence grounded in cognitive load theory and multimodal learning principles, and outcome-assessment consistency through embedded formative practices. The paper refines earlier oversimplifications regarding sensory modality use, drawing on multisensory learning research to advocate strategic alternation rather than rigid exclusion of modalities. Implications for teacher education include the need to develop deep pedagogical reasoning rather than procedural compliance, while future research should investigate how novice teachers acquire alignment competence across different subject areas and digital learning environments. The paper concludes that when lesson planning is treated as a testable hypothesis rather than a fixed script, it becomes a powerful vehicle for cumulative professional growth.

Role of Performance Appraisal Feedback Frequency and Feedback-Based Training on Teachers’ Service Delivery in Public Secondary Schools in Nyamira South Sub County, Kenya

2026-07-15T12:58:42+03:00

Performance appraisal has emerged as one of the human resource management strategic tools key to the attainment of an institution's competitive edge. Despite these efforts, the utilization of the performance feedback mechanisms, academic staff performance in learning institutions still remains wanting. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the role of feedback frequency on service delivery and establish the role of feedback-based training on teachers’ service delivery in public secondary schools in Nyamira South Sub County, Kenya. This research was informed by goal setting theory and Feedback Intervention Theory (FIT). A descriptive and mixed method research design was utilized for the study. The target population involved 827 public secondary school teachers from Nyamira South Sub County. A sample size of 270 teachers were chosen through Yamane formular and 30% (19) of the 64 Deputy Head Teachers selected through stratified random sampling method. Primary data was gathered using questionnaire and interview schedules. Data collected was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively through use of descriptive statistics and Multiple linear regression. The findings revealed that regular and timely feedback plays a meaningful role in supporting continuous performance improvement. The correlation between feedback frequency and service delivery was strong and significant (r = .522, p < .001). Similarly, findings showed that training derived from appraisal feedback equips teachers with the skills and competencies needed to address performance gaps and strengthen their instructional practices. Feedback-based training displayed a moderate positive correlation with service delivery (r = .456, p < .001). It is also recommended that schools institutionalize regular and predictable feedback cycles. Training programs and Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities should directly address performance gaps identified in teacher evaluations. Significantly, the study will inform policy makers on the gaps that exist in Teacher Performance Appraisal Feedback systems to seal them for effective management of teacher performance.

Adapting Archipelagic Heritage to Climate Change: Evidence from Historic Shimoni Town and Wasini Island, South Kenya Coast

2026-07-15T13:07:04+03:00

The replacement of mangroves and sacred forests known as Kayas with unplanned development in Kenya’s insular and archipelagic landscapes, is on the rise. Across Shimoni’s archipelago, consequences ranging from gradual decay, collapse to outright catastrophic loss of sea front mosques, shrines, wells, coral stone and wattle-daub buildings are indicative of absent climate adaptation plans. To support integrated climate-sensitive conservation strategies in historic Shimoni Town and Wasini Island, Archipelagic Planning Systems Theory was examined to quantify landscape metrics, entropy and spatial change based on Landsat images from 1984-2023. Geo-spatial indicators selected to quantify ecological change include: Patch Density, Mean Patch Size, Largest Patch Index and Landscape Shape Index. These landscape metrics were selected to determine patch isolation, evenness, dominance and complexity, respectively. In 40 years, built-up and barren land areas increased by 73% and 32% respectively while mangrove cover and terrestrial vegetation decreased by 69% and 33% respectively. Coral outcrops and sandy beach decreased by 14% and 69%, respectively. Urban expansion quadrupled at a rate of 1.26km2/year indicated by Shannon’s entropy values that increased from 0.003 to 0.024. Bare land and built up patch densities increased by 38% and 60% respectively. Mean patch sizes for mangrove and terrestrial vegetation decreased by 100m2 and 200m2 respectively. Overall. Landscape metrics highlighted increasing urban sprawl into heritage-sensitive zones. Conservation planning is to consider stabilization, consolidation and adaptive reuse for built heritage. Archipelagic planning is to consider adjustment of shoreline setbacks, forest buffer zones, vertical densification, afforestation and mangrove restoration to protect low lying historic sites.

Music Streaming Services for Indigenous Language Preservation and Cultural Sustainability in Kenya

2026-07-15T16:32:37+03:00

This study explores the role of music streaming services (MSS) as tools for the preservation of indigenous languages and the promotion of cultural sustainability in Kenya. With the rising influence from world languages, accelerated by globalisation, several Kenyan indigenous languages are facing extinction. On the contrary, they present intricate challenges, mostly due to the algorithmic biases that seem to promote Eurocentric content. These platforms can also lead to unfair economic structures and considerable technological challenges. This study establishes that strategic partnerships between musicians, cultural institutions, governmental bodies and technology firms are imperative for the creation of a viable framework that supports the generation, dissemination, and engagement with indigenous musical works. MSS serves as a vehicle for the dissemination of local music, thus promoting multilingualism and cultural heritage and sustainability during a period of globalization. In conclusion, this article suggests policymakers and stakeholders to utilize effectively the role of MSS in protecting Kenya's rich linguistic and cultural diversity for future generations.

Flood Vulnerability and Climate Adaptation of Built Heritage in Historic Shimoni, South Kenya Coast

2026-07-15T16:13:33+03:00