Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO

Assessing the Role of Local Authorities in Promoting Tourism in Zimbabwe. A Case of Victoria Falls City Council

Julianos Masimba — 2024-07-18

The paper sought to assess the role of urban local authorities in promoting tourism development within their areas' jurisdiction. Zimbabwe is a country that has tourist destinations that attract tourists from all over the world, including Victoria Falls, Chinhoyi caves, and Great Zimbabwe ruins. There is a literature gap on the role of local authorities as much of the research has assessed the central government's contribution, leaving a literature gap on the role of sub-national governments, given that these sub-national governments operate under delegated power from the centre. The research adopted the qualitative approach, with the case study being the Victoria Falls City Council. Data was collected using interviews and observations. The researcher complemented primary data with secondary data to achieve reliability and validity. Data was presented using thematic and content analyses. The research established that local authorities play a critical role in tourism development through place marketing, efficient and effective service delivery, infrastructure development, and maintenance, to name a few. The research recommends that more should be done amongst them, including the full implementation of the devolution policy, improvement in service delivery, and the formulation of investment-friendly policies at the sub-national government level.

Tachoni Male Circumcision Rituals: Navigating Cultural Revitalization, Heritage and Identity through Lexico-Semantic Analysis

Lucy K. Mandillah — 2024-07-23

The research explores the cultural significance of male circumcision ceremonies within the Tachoni community. Its objectives include analyzing the linguistic elements used in these rituals and their cultural implications, and examining how these rituals contribute to preserving, renewing, and adapting cultural practices and heritage among the Tachoni. Grounded in lexico-semantic theory, the study investigates the intricate relationship between language, meaning, and cultural identity in Tachoni male circumcision rituals. Conducted in Webuye East Sub-County, Bungoma County, Western Kenya, the research employed qualitative ethnographic methods during August and December 2022, and April 2023. Purposive sampling involved two Tachoni elders, custodians of circumcision knowledge, who were interviewed as key informants. Data collection methods included participant observation and library research. Through interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA), findings revealed that Tachoni circumcision rituals play a central role in shaping culture and language, reinforcing heritage and identity through a nuanced vocabulary of literal and symbolic meanings. These rituals symbolize rites of passage, affirming masculinity and promoting cohesion among circumcised males. However, the trend towards hospital circumcision, influenced by westernization and Christianity, threatens the continuity of Tachoni cultural practices and their associated lexicon. Consequently, documenting Tachoni circumcision rituals and their lexicon is crucial for preserving cultural heritage.

An Evaluation of Cultural Concepts in Swahili Translated Texts: An Example of Walioteuliwa by White.

Vince A. Nyabunga — 2024-07-23

This paper evaluated the cultural religious translated concepts in Walioteuliwa This book is read and studied among the SDA believers and interpreted differently among the same believers of same denomination. The objective of the study was to evaluate the difficulties in translating cultural concepts from English into Kiswahili. The study was qualitative and quantitative. Therefore, following cultural concepts were analyzed: ecological, material culture, religious concepts, linguistic concepts, figures of speech and proverbs. Seven SDA churches were purposefully selected to take part in the study. The respondents filled questionnaires and the leaders were interviewed. The actual sample size was 140 participants. Thus, 42 church leaders and 98 church goers were involved. Participants who read and write in Kiswahili only participated in the study. The skopos theory guided this research. It states that the process of translation is determined by the function of its product. Thus, that function is specified by the addressee. The results of this study showed that the strategies used by the translator posed problems in translated cultural concepts among the readers of the selected text. Therefore, this study contributed to the understanding and interpreting of cultural concepts in religious texts.

Fostering Culture and Creative Industries and the Need for Indigenous Peoples’ Responsibility to Act in their Own Interests

Ignatius T. Mabasa — 2024-07-18

While the term industries is exciting because it points to development, progress and sophistication, it can be a problem if it is harnessed together with culture and creativity because industries can be disruptive, bringing in a world system of exploitation, expansion, commodification and profiteering at the expense of the non-commercial modes of production and the indigenous traditional role of creativity and culture. This paper argues that when the logic of capitalism – markets and monetization drive creativity and culture, the ceremonial and ritualistic value and meaning of art can be sacrificed and the custodianship of cultural spaces and practices by indigenous people can be prostituted. The result can be a new type of creativity and culture that does not serve the interests of indigenous people, but of corporates.

Women’s Experiences of Male-Dominant Behaviors in Kenya’s National Assembly 2013-2017

Simon O. Miruka — 2024-08-09

This article examines male dominant behaviours in Kenya’s National Assembly 2013 – 2017. This was the first Kenyan legislature to house women elected on quotas. Although there was a substantial surge in the proportion of women from 7.62% in 2007 to 19.5% in 2013, they remained a distinct minority which, according to Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s Critical Mass Theory (1971), is subject to male dominant behaviours. The article analyses the experiences of 11 women legislators of the male dominant behaviours using data from semi-structured interviews and contents of the National Assembly Hansard. Study respondents were selected through stratified sampling. Adopting the workplace perspective, the article argues that it is imperative for the National Assembly to be conducive for both women and men. Unfortunately, this is not so due to prevailing masculine cultures manifested in: backlash, conservativism, objectification, trivialisation, victim blaming, stereotyping and sexism. These behaviours essentially restricted the space for women parliamentarians and characterised the National Assembly as a patriarchal bastion. In order to address this, the article recommends: familiarisation of new women parliamentarians with gender dynamics in the legislature; establishment of an observatory on behaviours in parliament; and sensitisation of the leadership of the National Assembly towards development of rules that deter such behaviour.

An Assessment of Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Communication Platforms and Content Used in Communicating Drugs and Substance Abuse: The Case of Laikipia University in Kenya

Juliet A. Oduor — 2024-08-09

The continued rise in the prevalence of Drugs and Substance Abuse (DSA) among university students has been linked to insufficient communication on the topic. This is in spite of sustained communication by respective universities to promote knowledge and ideal attitude and practices. Correspondingly, Social Networking Sites (SNSs) are increasingly being adopted by universities as platforms for communicating with their students on topical issues, including DSA. Conversely, empirical evidence indicate that audiences’ perception of the media used in specific communication situations can impact on their response to the content and message therein. Hence, employing an institutional based cross-sectional convergent mixed methods design, and Laikipia University as a representative of other public universities in Kenya, this study sought to examine the perceptions of the University’s first year and second year undergraduate students towards the communication platforms and content used by the University to communicate about DSA. The study established that while the students acknowledged the use of both traditional and online platforms by the University, they expressed preference for online platforms and desire for content that met the specific affordances of the SNSs used.

Challenges in Fostering National Cohesion within Kenyan Universities

Timothy Gachanga — 2024-07-18

Managing the diverse ethnic identities inherent in multi-ethnic universities is crucial for fostering national cohesion. Ineffective management can lead to ethnic competition and hinder a holistic approach to diversity. This study explored the challenges Kenyan universities face in promoting national cohesion, using Émile Durkheim's Functionalist Theory as a framework. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted across five public universities in Kenya. The study found that many students are unaware of existing platforms for reporting hate speech. There are also delays in addressing prejudice, ethnicity, discrimination, and hate speech which can easily erode trust in the university’s commitment to diversity. Additionally, inadequate support for students reporting ethnicity-related issues poses a significant challenge. The study recommends integrating emerging issues like hate speech into university curricula, engaging staff as moderators and mentors in student social network groups, and raising awareness about platforms for reporting hate speech and social media misuse.

Social Sustainability Practices and Performance of Approved Aircraft Maintenance Organizations in Kenya

Jones Bor — 2024-07-18

The study sought to examine the role played by social sustainability practices among employees on performance of approved aircraft maintenance organizations in Kenya. The independent variables of the study were; employee development, employee safety, management support and employee cooperation whereas the dependent variable is firm performance. Underpinning theory is Resource Based View Theory. Explanatory research design was used, the target population comprised of 164 aircraft engineers working for the 41 AMOs in Kenya, four respondents per organization attached to different maintenance sections were purposively selected. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data, they were administered in person. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis techniques was used for data analysis. The findings from the study revealed that employee development had a significant influence on performance of approved aircraft maintenance organizations in Kenya (β = 0.281; P=0.000<0.05). Further, employee safety was found to significantly influence the performance of approved aircraft maintenance organizations in Kenya (β = 0.189; P=0.000<0.05). Management support also had a significant influence on the performance of approved aircraft maintenance organizations in Kenya (β = 0.338; P=0.000<0.05). Finally, employee collaboration was found to significantly influence the performance of approved aircraft maintenance organizations in Kenya (β = 0.187; P=0.000<0.05). The study concluded that failure to fully embrace social sustainability practices had a hand on the declining performance of approved aircraft maintenance organizations in Kenya. The study recommends the need for management to uphold employee development and employee safety as a way of promoting employee performance thus steering organizational performance.

Training Influence on the Performance of Mental Health Professionals in Selected Public Psychiatric Hospitals Kenya

Fredrick Wambu — 2024-07-18

Public hospitals have been struggling with issues related to low general performance and personnel productivity. Concerns have been raised about differences in study leave and training received by employees at public health facilities, which explain why employee performance is low. There are serious consequences when employee well-being is not addressed through good training. Failing to prioritize their training can result in increased rates of disengagement, absenteeism, and turnover. The objective of this study is to evaluate how training influence performance of mental health professionals. The study adopted mixed methodologies in a cross-sectional descriptive research design. About 146 mental health professionals, were sampled using stratified random proportionate sampling. Purposive sampling was used to select ten key informants. Content analysis was used on qualitative data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. The study findings show there is a correlation between training and employee relations (r=0.584, p<0.001), between training and appraisal (r=0.529, p<0.001), between training and remuneration (r=0.415, p<0.001) between training and performance (r=0.280, p < 0.001). This study recommends that in order to maximize employee performance, hospital management should prioritize the ongoing skill development of their staff. Only via ongoing training and development procedures is this achievable.

The moderating Effect of Social Support on the Relationship between Occupational Stress Interventions and Performance of Academic Staff in A Subset of Public Kenyan Universities

Jane M. Kinuthia — 2024-07-18

Occupational stress is a concept that has received a lot of attention from scholars. Knowledge workers, such as academic staff in universities, are prone to suffering from high levels of stress arising from work demands. This study set out to investigate the moderating role of social support in the association between occupational stress interventions and academic staff performance in a subset of Kenyan public universities. The research used a cross-sectional, descriptive, and explanatory design. Three public institutions with a combined total of 3277 academic staff members—Egerton, Kenyatta, and Maseno universities—constituted the observation unit. Using the Krejcie and Morgan formula, the sample size was calculated to be 342. The two-step Zendek and Keppel (2000) method for testing moderation was used in the study. Social support was found to mitigate the connection between academic staff performance and occupational stress interventions at a 95% confidence level. This is a result of social support's ability to reduce stress. Therefore, to have more productive staff members, public institutions should look for ways to assist at the organizational and supervisory levels. To provide the necessary assistance to the workers they supervise, HR managers should also provide social support training to the supervisors. The Job-Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model supports the moderating influence of social support on the connection between OSI and staff performance.

Gendered Impact of Contextual Shocks Increasing Vulnerability of Female Youth and the Role of Technical and Vocational Education and Training and Life Skills Interventions in Resilience Building: A Case of Mwenezi and Chiredzi

Chipo Muchabaiwa — 2024-07-18

The paper examines the contextual shocks increasing vulnerability among female youth in Zimbabwe's Mwenezi and Chiredzi districts. It explores the efficacy of life skills, entrepreneurship, and vocational training in building resilience among these vulnerable young women. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, collecting data through questionnaires, focus group discussions, and interviews. The findings reveal that contextual shocks such as COVID-19, inflation, drought, natural disasters, climate change, unemployment, political instability, and cultural beliefs significantly contribute to the vulnerability of young women in these districts. The results highlight the importance of life skills, entrepreneurship, and vocational training in reducing vulnerability and promoting resilience. These interventions equip young women with crucial skills, knowledge, and information to improve livelihoods, cope with external shocks, and adapt to changing environments. The study recommends effective strategies for building resilience, including women's empowerment programs, financial support, increased participation in development planning, policy implementation, stakeholder involvement, and expansion of vocational training institutions.

Data protection in Healthcare Information Systems Using Cryptographic Algorithm with Base64 512 bits

Agnes K. Muthaura — 2024-07-18

Due to the recent advancement in technology in Healthcare Information Systems, data leakages at the data level has been on the rise. Therefore, there is need to analyze the existing data protection techniques using cryptographic algorithms in Healthcare systems at the data level. Existing data-level protection techniques that are developed to ensure data-level protection in Healthcare Information Systems lack integration of key security models and database security approaches such as enhanced cryptographic algorithms in the design and development of data protection techniques. In this study, design science research methodology was used to design and develop a cryptographic algorithm with Base64 512 bits to enhance data protection at the data level. Python programming language was used to develop a simulation program for experiment. The performance of the developed algorithm was tested in a healthcare information system. The results were compared with the existing cryptographic algorithms to evaluate encryption and decryption process, strength on brute force attack and plain text vulnerability. The results showed that the developed algorithm with Base64 and fixed length of 512 bits achieved optimal performance. In conclusion, healthcare data is very sensitive and critical thus enhanced cryptographic algorithms are necessary to reduce data leakages at the data level.

The Expanding Domains of Sheng: The Use of a Sheng-based Slang in Kenyan Secondary Schools

Claudius P. Kihara — 2024-07-18

Sheng, an urban youth spoken in Kenya, has continually expanded its domains of usage. It is now used in political discussions, advertising, creative and performing arts, mass communication, broadcasting, and other forms of communication. Using data collected from secondary schools students in three counties in Kenya, this article argues that high school students are using Sheng-based slang, an indication of the Sheng expansion. It is argued that high school students use this Sheng-based slang to talk about matters pertaining to schools. Word lists questionnaires containing words pertaining to school matters were translated by purposively selected male and female students from five schools in three counties in Kenya. The analysis shows that the high school slang exhibits word formation features associated with Sheng, such as lexical and morpho-phonological manipulations known in Sheng such as truncations, semantic extensions, hypocorisms, coinages, and others.

Marginalization of Trainers in Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Kenya

Harry K. Bett — 2024-08-09

While TVET plays an invaluable role in the Kenyan economy, education at this level is still held in low esteem. Although many studies have focussed on marginalization of the institution in general or the trainees therein, there are hardly studies that focus on trainers’ marginalization. This study is a narrative which focusses on global and local literature related to TVET trainer marginalization and possible remedies. TVET trainers in Kenya are marginalised in their professional development and training, in their recruitment into the profession, and even with respect to their scheme of service which is haphazard and not harmonised. This review utilises labelling theory to demonstrate how TVET trainers are marginalised, and how this may be remedied. A practical implication from the study is that there is need to stress on individual and institutional initiatives so as to mitigate TVET trainer marginalization. Individuals can, for example, utilise social media avenues for professional development so as to improve their pedagogy and other training-related aspects. Socially, the society plays an important role in labelling theory. In this regard, TVET trainers’ marginalization can be mitigated with active involvement of members of the society who can help paint a positive image of these institutions, their trainers and trainees.

A Phenomenological Analysis and Evaluation of the Meanings Attached to Examination Malpractices by the Teachers and Students in Kisii County, Kenya.

George M. Simiyu — 2024-07-23

In Kenya the problem of examination malpractice keeps on recurring amidst stringent measures. This study gives the perspective where understanding the meaning attached to examination malpractice by the teachers and students helps in minimizing the annual cyclic examination malpractices. Its main objective is to present a phenomenological analysis and evaluation of the meanings attached to examination malpractices by the teachers and students in Secondary schools in Kisii County. The study was carried out in Kisii County, Kenya. It focused on students and teachers in secondary schools in the County who have experienced the problem of examination malpractice. Given that examination malpractice is an ethical problem and those who engage in it justify their actions using certain ethical theories, the study was guided by normative ethical theories. It utilized descriptive survey research design through open-ended questionnaires for data collection. Purposive and snowball sampling procedures were used to pick the respondents whose number was indeterminate given that the study is qualitative and only interested in getting the qualitative data as opposed to quantitative data. This fitted well with the snowball referrals from one relevant participant/interviewee to another. The study adopted hermeneutic and transcendental phenomenological approaches for both prescription and analysis of data. The findings showed that: there are examination malpractice meanings that are popular/conventional such as a deliberate act of a wrong doing and implied/unconventional such as an effect of pressure to get good examination grades; the meanings attached to the examination malpractice by the teachers and students in Kisii County influence the perpetuation of the menace. The study makes the following conclusion: Implied/unconventional meanings influence examination malpractice more than the popular/conventional meanings if the cyclic perpetuation of examination malpractice is to be justified. The study recommends that curbing measures should be directed equally on both the implied/unconventional and the popular/conventional meanings given that paying attention to only the latter has not given the expected educational outcomes.

Content Specific Pedagogical Knowledge and Teacher Knowledge Transfer

Evelyn Njurai — 2024-07-23

Pedagogical knowledge and in particular Content Specific Pedagogical Knowledge (CSPK) has been widely researched and discussed. Teacher training institutions globally have embraced knowledge bases proposed by researchers in their curriculum to prepare teachers for teaching. The transferability of CSPK has, however, received little attention. This article explores the transferability of CSPK by teachers. Using a literature review analysis method, the article raises the questions of why, and how, the need for CSPK transfer and addresses issues surrounding knowledge transfer. Focusing on a spiral curriculum, the transfer is seen more in relation to conceptual connection within a subject and across subjects, and integration of disciplines. The authors argue that teacher training should embrace aspects of knowledge transfer so that teachers are not rendered redundant when curricular changes and when some subjects which teachers have been trained are dropped from the curricular. Further research is recommended.

Assessing The Impact of Socio-Economic Related Mathematical Learner Identity on Student Performance in Mathematics Among Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Kilifi County, Kenya

Nickson T. Mweni — 2024-07-18

The study's goal, which was to evaluate how students' performance in mathematics was impacted by their socioeconomic identification as a mathematical learner, is shared in this article. The theoretical framework was derived from the sociocultural theory of learning. In order to collect both quantitative and qualitative data, the study used a correlational research design with a sample size of 100 students using a Student Mathematics Achievement Test and Student Interview Schedule. Prior to being connected with students' mathematical performance, content analysis quantified socioeconomically related mathematical learner identity data. The study found that student performance in mathematics is impacted by socioeconomically associated mathematical learner identities. Following analysis, the data was displayed tabulated and in narrative format. The study suggests fostering the development of meaningful interactions in order to instill in learners the relevance of mathematics in their socioeconomic situations.

Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision and Transition of Girls in Education - Kajiado and Narok Counties, Kenya

Kennedy Mutundu — 2024-08-09

The right to free and compulsory basic education is enshrined in Article 53(1)(b) of the Constitution of Kenya. This is in line with African Union’s Agenda 2063, and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDG4 aims to “ensure access to equitable and inclusive quality education, and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. The international community recognizes that the greatest impediment to universal education and equality are systemic and cultural inequalities, which mostly affect school going girls. SDG 5, targets the elimination of all harmful practices, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.

In Kenya, government efforts for 100% Secondary school transition and higher retention are hampered in Counties like Kajiado and Narok due to the prevalence of FGM/C affecting girls. To gain insights into the effects of FGM/C on girls, this study sought to establish the status and nature of FGM/C in Kajiado and Narok Counties. A mixed research approach was utilized targeting learners, victims of FGM/C and key stakeholders. The study found out that average rate of transition to girls in secondary school was estimated to be 40% in Form 1, and gradually reduced to 10% in Form 4. The study also noted that psycho-social identity that the girls assumed after the FGM/C, the girls’ poor attitude towards schooling and poor relations with the teachers negatively affected transition.

The enforcement of the law against the practice, which was ranked as the most effective intervention.

Head teachers’ Instructional Training and Instructional Supervisory Challenges in the Implementation of the Competency-Based Curriculum in Public Primary Schools in Kisii Central Sub-County

Ezekiel Okeyo — 2024-07-18

The aim of the study was to analyse Head Teachers’ Instructional Training and Instructional Supervisory Challenges in the Implementation of the Competency-Based Curriculum in Public Primary Schools in Kisii Central Sub-County, Kisii County. The specific research objectives were; to determine the head teachers’ instructional training and instructional supervisory challenges in the implementation of the competency-based curriculum in public primary schools in Kisii Central Sub-County, Kisii County. A descriptive survey was utilized. The target population involved 74 head teachers and 228 lower public primary school teachers. A stratified random sampling approach was utilized in a selection of 30.0% of the sample size. Interviews for head teachers and questionnaires for teachers were used as instruments. Data was analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Quantitative data was coded, entered, and analysed using SPSS (Version 22.0) with frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data was thematically analysed as per study objectives. The study established supervisors’ competency, and training effectiveness as key challenges. It is concluded that all stakeholder training is necessary to create awareness of the demands of the new curriculum. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders develop a training programme framework to equip stakeholders, provide continuous training to instructors on ICT knowledge and skills which are essential in the implementation of CBC. Significantly this study will contribute to policy formulation on administrators’ orientation and training.

Exploring Learning Support Strategies for Effective Digital Experiences at Open University of Kenya

Jeketule Soko — 2024-07-18

The Open University of Kenya (OUK) offers flexible, inclusive, and affordable digital learning, but this
comes with challenges. This action research designed, implemented, and evaluated learner support
strategies for pioneer learners in their first semester to promote effective learning. A mixed research
approach with a sample population of 130 participants was applied. Data was collected using
questionnaires and observation tools. Validity and reliability were established through piloting, descriptive
statistics, and thematic analysis were utilized to analyze and present the findings. The results revealed high
satisfaction levels with OUK’s learner support strategies. Faculty learner support strategies, such as a
mobile application, Panopto technology integration, a dedicated WhatsApp group, and weekly synchronous
Zoom meetings, were positively received. The study recommends that OUK regularly evaluate and refine
its learner support services, explore new technologies, invest in faculty training for effective technology
use, and foster collaborative learning environments. These findings underscore the importance of proactive
support in creating a positive and inclusive digital learning environment. The insights gained from this
study are valuable for institutions offering digital learning, policymakers, learners, and stakeholders
interested in this educational approach. By highlighting successful strategies and areas for improvement,
the research contributes to the ongoing development of effective digital learning practices in higher
education

Reorienting Teacher Professional Development in Kenya: Professional Learning Communities Paradigm

Damaris Kariuki — 2024-07-18

Continuous teacher professional development is critical in the wake of the rapidly changing dynamics of the teaching and learning environment. Effective teacher professional development is one that is collaborative and embedded in teachers’ daily practice in schools. In Kenya, The Teachers’ Service Commission(TSC) rolled out a Teacher Professional Development Program(TPD) for teachers and instructional leaders in December, 2021. It is envisaged that through the program teachers will acquire requisite professional skills and competencies to ultimately improve learner outcomes. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the level of formation and utilization of Professional Learning Communities among the first cohort of the Teacher Professional Development Program. Objectives of the study: to find out the extent to which Professional Learning Communities have been established; to establish the extent to which teachers are utilizing the Professional Learning Communities; to establish the role of the instructional leaders in teacher Professional Learning Communities. The paper was based on review of literature on Teacher Professional Development worldwide, documentation of best practices and lived experiences of authors as facilitators in the TSC-TPD program. The paper will contribute significant information on the status of teacher collaboration through Professional Learning Communities and bring to the fore lessons learnt and areas of improvement to enhance teacher collaboration, a vital characteristic of effective Teacher Professional Development. The review concludes that the program offered an opportunity for enrolled teachers to engage in online professional learning communities at the national level using a variety of online platforms. The engagements however need to be sustained beyond the online session time and be cascaded to the school level to enhance continuous collaboration and impact on learning outcomes. There is need for more advocacy on the program and its benefits to the teacher and the learner.

Parental Involvement Challenges in ICT-Based Early Childhood Education Attainment

Paul K. Komen — 2024-07-18

With the fast digitization of the world, ICT is taking a central role in ECDE and provides many learning opportunities. This study aimed to examine parental involvement in ICT-based ECDE attainment. The research objectives used for this study are to investigate the extent to which parents provide ICT tools for learning in ECDE programs in Kenya and to assess the level of parental involvement in assisting children with ICT-based learning in ECDE programs in Kenya. This research utilized existing literature from peer-reviewed academic journals. The researchers employed three search terms: ' parental involvement,' 'challenges,' and 'ICT-based early childhood education. The targeted journals included 9,000 articles. Articles that did not address the search terms were excluded. The final sample for review comprised only four scholarly articles. Content analysis based on Marcus's theory is used in the study, which shows that parents face some difficulties when using the ICT-based ECDE, significantly less educated parents. The study established that several parental involvement challenges exist in ICT. The study concluded that these challenges can be overcome by parental empowerment and multi-sectoral tools, which can be used to close the technology gaps and improve the ECDE quality. The paper suggests policy recommendations for the government, parents, teachers, policymakers, and institutional managers. This study reveals a vital part of parental engagement in forming the children's educational experiences and preparing them for the digital age, thus stressing the need to overcome the parental challenges to improve the ECDE effectiveness of ICT.

Education Equity in Kenya

Moses M. Mwangi — 2024-07-18

This article is a desk research of Kenya's educational landscape focusing on equity, challenges, and opportunities. Despite significant strides in access to basic education, disparities persist in quality and completion rates, especially in marginalized regions. Key statistics reveal higher literacy rates in Kenya than regional averages but highlight low tertiary education transition rates. The challenges include regional inequalities, resource constraints, pandemic disruptions, economic barriers, and gender disparities affecting girls' education. Initiatives and recommendations encompass empowerment programs, equitable resource allocation, technology integration, community engagement, and policy reforms. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of addressing systemic disparities for national development and social progress, advocating for a resilient and inclusive education system in Kenya.

Indigenous Weather Forecast Systems: A Case Study of Weather Forecast Indicators for Chapo Village, Ward 17, in Matopo Zimbabwe

Sehlapi Sebata — 2024-07-18

This research documents the indigenous weather forecast indicators used at Chapo Village, Ward 17, in Matobo District, Zimbabwe. Matobo District is in natural region IV which receives between 450-650mm per year and experiences frequent droughts. The objectives of this research were to identify and document the indigenous indicators used in this community, offer the meanings the villagers’ attach to each indicator and establish their perception of the indigenous weather forecast indicators. The study adopted a qualitative approach. Focus group discussions and interviews were held to collect data in the village. The data was analysed using a thematic approach and this was underpinned by the afrocentric theory. The results showed that villagers used trees, birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and insects to predict the weather patterns. Of these indicators, trees had the largest number of species used in weather forecasting. The religious worldview of the locals also formed part of the intricate weather forecast systems used in the area. The people of Chapo Village value and rely on the indigenous weather forecast indicators which they derive from their environment. The study concludes that these indigenous weather forecasting methods are for form of intangible cultural heritage (ICH). There is therefore need to produce nomination files which will facilitate their inscription on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Effects of Surface Area and Water Level Variability on Fisheries Production in Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Brenda M. Mengich — 2024-07-23

Lake Naivasha is a freshwater, a Ramsar site and an Important Bird Area. It provides multiple services to the surrounding communities such as Fishing, Tourism and Agriculture. Lake Naivasha has been experiencing a water level variation cycle over the years as a result of it being shallow and experiencing high evaporation. Variation in water levels leads to flooding, and receding which disrupts the Lake ecosystem thus causing direct and indirect effects on fishing. The study was conducted to establish the relationship between Surface area and water level variability and fish yield and revenue in Lake Naivasha. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, and Key informant interviews. Secondary data was collected using Landsat images that provided the temporal and spatial water level variability and documentary analysis between 1989 to 2022. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The results show a positive correlation between Surface area Variability and fish yield (r= 0.6261, R2= 0.3920) and fish revenue (r= 0.5219, R2= 0.2724). Surface area variability accounts for 39% of the variation in total fish yield, and 27% of the fish revenue. The study recommends continuous monitoring and surveillance of the lake level, and water quality by the relevant government agencies, as well as watershed management and conservation measures for the sustainability of the Lake’s fishery.

Evaluation of Species Diversity and Ecological Functions of the Anuran Species in Kingwal Swamp, a Highland Wetland of Kenya

Joseph M. Kabanze — 2024-07-18

Class amphibian comprises of bi-phasic life mode organisms sensitive to environmental changes. Anurans being among the class, are considered good indicators of functioning and non-functioning ecosystems (habitat quality). Globally, there has been a decline in anuran populations due to anthropogenic and abiotic factors, which include agricultural activities, wetland degradation, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Wetlands are considered the most preferable microhabitats as breeding sites for anurans, therefore surveys in tropical wetlands to understand anuran diversity and distribution patterns are desirable and justified for implementation of effective conservation actions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biodiversity and functional concordance of anuran species in Kingwal Swamp, one of Kenya’s least studied swamps. Through the use of visual encounters and pitfall traps with an x-drift fence, data was gathered in the wet season, morning and evening sampling between April and June 2023 from six sites along the swamp. A total of 664 individuals were recorded, from 15 different anurans belonging to seven different genera and seven families. Ptychadena was the most abundant family, while Hoplobatrachus was the least. The swamp is diverse (H’= 2.271, D = 0.8626) in anuran species with low dominance (0.1374), but evenly distributed (E = 0.6457). Most species encountered preferred insects and frogs in their diet, terrestrial and aquatic microhabitats, specifically stagnant water, and were predominately ground/wet terrestrial dwellers breeding during wet season, and of least concern. The structural complexity of microhabitats along the swamp provided diverse niches and varieties of ways to explore environmental resources, thus species biodiversity is a function of habitat quality and diversity. However, due to increased disturbances, the study recommends nature-based non-governmental organizations and conservationists to engage local people in wetland protection to curb threats for the survival of anurans in Kenya.

Climate Variability and Livelihood Vulnerability of Maasai Pastoralists in Amboseli Ecosystem, Kajiado County, Kenya

Faith R. Oloitipitip — 2024-07-18

The pastoral Maasai community living in Amboseli Ecosystem are facing serious challenges originating from climate variability. The ecosystem has been made fragile by climate related challenges causing household vulnerability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of climate variability on livelihood vulnerability at the household level. The study used a mixed method, which focused on descriptive and correlational research designs. It targeted a population of 47, 058 residents from which a sample of 374 households was selected. Cluster and convenient sampling were used for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. A questionnaire with open and closed ended questions and with Likert scale format were used to collect quantitative data while interview schedules were used for qualitative data. In addition, secondary data were collected from different sources, including Kenya Meteorological Department and Kenya Wildlife Services. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse qualitative data while quantitative data were analysed using inferential statistics.. Results showed that climate variability is indeed causing livelihood vulnerability and therefore policy intervention in needed at the national and county levels. Majority of households were found to moderately vulnerable with female headed households being mostly vulnerable. This study therefore recommends that adaptation strategies at the household level to community level should be put in place so as to reduce vulnerability such as crop farming, livestock diversification, small scale businesses and employment In addition there is need to empower women through education, offering of small loans and grants for businesses as well as involvement in decision making on matters pasture and water management.

Assessment of Land Cover Change Due to Stone Quarrying in Narok Town Ward

Festus K. Barchok — 2024-07-18

Land cover change is described as the dynamic change in the terrestrial surface of the earth induced by human activities. Changes in land cover include urbanization, agricultural activities, and increased mining activities/quarrying activities which result in alteration of initial land surface status. Quarrying operations have been reported to cause alteration in vegetation cover and landscape, open cast methods used in stone mining lead to the destruction of land resources including denudation of vegetation cover, loss of soil fertility and soil erosion. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were used to assess land cover changes due to stone mining in the study area. Satellite images covering the study area were downloaded from United States Geographical (USGS) Earth Explorer for the four epochs 1985, 1995, 2010 and 2022 for analysis. Spatial analysis of land cover changes was conducted by processing and analysis of remotely sensed images from Landsat and Sentinel 2 satellite data. Supervised classification was performed on the images into vegetation and non-vegetation cover classes using environmental visualization software, version 5.3. Findings were presented descriptively in tables, charts, graphs and textual forms. The study found that the non-vegetation cover class had intensified by 18.70% between the years 1985 and 1995. There was an increase in vegetation cover class between the years 1995 and 2010 by 37.81 %. Between the year 2010 and 2022, vegetation cover was reduced by 18.24 %. The study concluded that quarrying activities have led to reduced land cover over time resulting in negative environmental outcomes such as land degradation and reduced aesthetic value in the study area.

Impact of Innovation and Agricultural Cooperative Societies towards Ecological Equilibrium Among Rural Farmers in Kenya.

Caleb V. Balongo — 2024-07-18

Agricultural activities contribute heavily on climate change thus, its being challenged to adapt to its effects which involves the application of integrating socio-economic and ecological policies for greater resilience. Through cooperatives and innovations, promotion of agroecology which is the application of the principle of ecology in agricultural production is possible as ecology and agriculture are inter-dependent for global food production. Scientists are working in conjunction with farmers and other stakeholders to get solutions for challenges experienced locally instead of external and non-appropriate solution imposed to the locality. To enhance the resilience of farming system to climate change and improving the flow of ecosystem farmers are being encouraged to form cooperative societies since agricultural cooperatives have great influence on agricultural activities and rural transformation. As a social enterprise, cooperatives are autonomous and voluntary associations for persons united to meet a common social-economic and cultural wants. As instruments, they support small-scale farmers leading to poverty alleviation and food security and could be linked inextricably to protection of ecology by safeguarding environmental domains through appropriate education and technology. Still they are invaluable and efficient for improving members social welfare at the same time combating factors that degrade forested areas that may lead to poverty. The study employs an in-depth desk review based on secondary sources complemented with case studies from informant interviews from farmers in rural Kenya. The conclusion of the study is that agricultural cooperative acts as an umbrella whereby the chain-link of production system like creation of production chains, inclusivity of the marginalized groups in a productive system, self-employment, and local markets vitalization are all enhanced through entrepreneurial affairs in the society.

Perceptions on Influence of Membership in Young Farmers Clubs on Career Interest and Participation in Agricultural Activities Among Secondary School Students in Nakuru North Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya

Nancy N. Njenga — 2024-07-23

Young Farmers’ Club (YFC) activities globally have played a vital role in the mastery and attainment of knowledge in agriculture subject since it is best learned by use of practical activities. Increased youth participation in agricultural production is necessary and vital in facilitating food and nutritional security. In Kenya, Young Farmers Club of Kenya (YFCK) was established to help boys and girls to develop ideas for better farming, provide social and recreational activities, help give the necessary dignity to agriculture as an occupation and develop good and competent agricultural leadership. The objectives of YFCK included promoting interest in farming, sound training in advanced methods of crop and animal husbandly, leadership skills, self-reliance, self-confidence and responsibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception on influence of membership in young farmers clubs on career interest and participation in agricultural activities among day secondary schools students in Nakuru North sub-county. A descriptive survey design was adopted with a target population of 2,660 agriculture students and 32 agriculture teachers. Proportionate random sampling was used to select a sample of 120 respondents from the 19 day public schools. Data was collected from the sampled heads of agriculture subject using a questionnaire. Content validity of the instrument was ascertained by two panels of experts from Department of Agricultural Education and Extension and the supervisors. Reliability of the instruments was ensured through a pilot-test using 40 agriculture students and four agriculture teachers from Nakuru East Sub-county. The reliability of the instrument was tested using Cronbach Alpha coefficient. A reliability coefficient was 0.76 and 0.73 for YFCK members and Agriculture teachers respectively, at a significance level of α= 0.05. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive with the aid of SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Data was analysed using various tables and graphs. The researcher recommends that Agriculture teachers in collaboration with school administration should enhance YFCK activities. This is for proper and effective practical activities in teaching of Agriculture subject according to the syllabus. The findings of the study will be of importance to secondary school teachers, students and other scholars of higher institutions of learning by emphasizing in formation of young farmers clubs in day secondary schools in Nakuru North Sub- County, Nakuru County Kenya.

Effects of Solute Concentrations on Thermodynamic Properties of Lake Victoria Waters

Evans O. Kenanda — 2024-07-18

Water help supports life processes and habitats of virtually all organisms. The rivers that flow into Lake Victoria harbor huge amount of solutes which affect its characteristic features and ecological equilibrium. This has affected the distribution of aquatic organisms and led to eutrophication and algal blooms and other invasive species such as water hyacinths. The present study focused on colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and vapour pressure deficit) of waters of Lake Victoria as key parameters in assessment of water quality. Water samples were obtained from five different sites along coastline of the Winam gulf and investigated of their solute properties. As control experiment, the effects of direct addition of selected cations sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc and lead on the samples from the five different sampling sites were also investigated. The samples were refrigerated and later heated for the purpose of determining the effect of salts on freezing point depression and boiling point elevation respectively. Temperature logging carried out using a digital thermometer throughout the experiments. The resulted obtained and subjected to Analysis of Variance revealed that cation concentrations had insignificant effect on vapor pressure deficit and other colligative properties of the waters. Maximum error barely exceeded 2% for the studied parameters was carried out to determine any significant differences. The results also indicated that cation concentrations were significantly different and direct addition of similar molar solute concentrations could significantly and differentially affect solute properties of the waters. These finding can support the production of policy formulation on management of waters of the lake.

Quantity and Quality Evaluation of Girardinia Diversifolia and Girardinia Bullosa Seed Oil

Evans O. Kenanda — 2024-07-23

Kenya imports more than 65% of its edible oil requirements. This is due to low oil production and limited sources that cannot adequately meet the high demand by the ever-increasing population. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile and assess the quantity and quality of Girardinia diversifolia and Girardinia bullosa seed oil. Its quality was assessed in terms of iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), acid value(AV), peroxide value(PV), unsaponifiable matter, refractive index (RI), specific gravity(SG) and moisture content and volatile matter. The percentage oil content (18.4 to 21.2/100g dry) was low relative to most common edible oil plants. The highest moisture content recorded was 39.60 with the lowest being 31.24g/ 100g air-dried seeds. The RI ranged from 1.4662-1.4704. The IV ranged from 166-192. The PV was in the range of 8.68 to 13.6. The SV (164-179) was comparable to that of corn oil (187-147). The AV varied from 4.58-7.22. The percent unsaponifiable matter of the oil varied from 2.14-4.10. The fatty acids detected in the oil were decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9-octadecaenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, eicosanoic acid and heneicosanoic acid. The results showed that Girardinia oil is stable in the first two hours of heating. The results indicated that the oil had a high content of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, and this guarantees the possibility of using the oil in the food industry.

Perceived Effects of Land Use Changes on Household Livelihoods in Peri-Urban Areas of Nakuru City, Kenya

Jackline Cherotich — 2024-07-18

High rates of population growth in cities is a global phenomenon. Nakuru City is one of the fastest growing cities in Eastern Africa. The city, performs administrative, educational, tourist, industrial, commercial, medical and transport functions. These diverse functions of the city attract an influx of people that impacts on the growth of Nakuru City, causing notable changes on land use patterns in its peri-urban zones. It in turn affect households’ livelihoods. The study sought to find out the perceived effects of land use changes on households’ livelihoods in peri-urban areas of Nakuru city. A household survey research was conducted where three hundred and eighty five households were selected for study. Purposive sampling was used to select 3 study locations, Kiamaina, Lanet Umoja and Ngata out of seven locations, Barut, Lanet- Ummoja, Kiamaina, Ngata, Kiamunyi, Viwanda and Mbaruk which surround the city council of Nakuru. Random sampling was used to select three hundred and eighty five households from the study areas. Cross tabulations and calculation of percentages were used to determine the perceived effects of land use changes on households’ livelihoods. The results disclosed that the expansion of built-up area and agricultural land has a positive influence on livelihoods as perceived by the households of peri-urban areas of Nakuru city. However, it also has negative effects on natural resources such as reduced access to water and healthy living environment. This study contributes towards achievement of the Kenya’s vision 2030 which aim at providing high quality life, clean and secure environment to all through inclusive and participatory stakeholder consultative process involving all Kenyans. Appropriate measures need to be employed to reduce the rapid change in land use and to integrate environmental conservation with human livelihoods.

Perception Influence on Adoption of Solar Energy Technologies at Household Level in Konoin Sub-County, Bomet County, Kenya

Kelvin K. Kishara — 2024-07-18

Globally, the demand and price of energy, especially fossil fuels, is rising because of growing population and economic crisis. The Kenyan government spends a substantial amount of money importing fossil fuels to satisfy the needs of its citizens. The rising use of fossil fuels has substantial environmental consequences, including increased carbon emissions. It is necessary to use solar energy technologies, such as solar power, to reduce the impacts of fossil fuels on the environment. Thus, there is need for more knowledge about the factors influencing adoption of solar energy technologies in the study area. This research investigated how perception affects the adoption of solar energy technologies in households. Descriptive research survey approach was used. There were 38,178 households in Konoin sub-county, and 387 respondents were selected for the survey. Stratified-random sampling was used to choose 80 households from Mogogosiek, 84 from Boito, 91 from Embomos, 64 from Kimulot, and 61 from Chepchabas wards. Purposive sampling was used to choose seven key informants. Primary data was gathered through the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was examined using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. Findings indicate that perception has a limited correlation with adopting solar energy systems in homes.

Exploring Urban Green Space Visitation Patterns in Informal Settlement. A Case of Dandora, Nairobi County

Silva M. Namalwa — 2024-07-18

The utilization and visitation patterns of Urban Green Spaces (UGS) by users and visitors are inextricably tied to the satisfaction and willingness derived from these spaces. In essence, the positive experiences and levels of satisfaction individuals garner from UGS significantly influence their patterns of usage and frequency of visits. However, few details of this relationship have been studied on matters UGS in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigates the relationship between demographic characteristics and visitation patterns of residents to UGS in slum dwelling areas using Dandora as case study. Survey research design was adopted as a method of investigation using a sample frame of 100. Stratified and simple random sampling technique was used in issuing the household questionnaires. The demographic information analysis reveals a gender-balanced respondent pool, with a predominant youth population thirty to forty years (30-40 years old), largely educated up to secondary level, and primarily self-employed. The majority of respondents have been residents for one to ten years (1-10 years), mainly in Phase two (II) and four (IV) of Dandora. A significant proportion eighty-four percent (84%) of respondents visit UGS, citing weekly visits forty-one percent (41%) and daily visits thirty-four percent (34%) as the most common frequencies. In contrast, sixteen percent 16% do not visit UGS primarily due to concerns about insecurity and other reasons. The study employs a multinomial regression model to examine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and frequency of UGS visitation. The results indicate a significant relationship, with place of residence being a key factor influencing visitation frequency. Specifically, residents in Phase II show a significant impact on daily and weekly visitation, while residents in Phase III and IV influence monthly visitation. The findings suggest that socio-demographic factors especially place of residence where there are accessible UGS and also resident’s occupation, play a crucial role in influencing residents' UGS visitation patterns. Understanding these relationships can inform urban planning strategies to enhance accessibility and engagement with green spaces in Dandora.

Leveraging Science and Technology Parks to Accelerate Africa’s Growth: The DPSIR Approach

Philip K. Mwendwa — 2024-07-18

Science and technology parks are major investments that are majorly focused on realizing faster economic growth and innovation. The parks carry great prospects for regional economic diversification. However, over the years, Science and technology parks have encountered challenges that call for proactive management, sound policies and innovativeness. This paper used the Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts and Response (DPSIR) approach to determine how Africa can leverage science and technology parks to accelerate growth. The study used secondary data from books, scholarly journals and technical reports. After the published sources were collected, an analytical framework was developed with three categories including drivers, pressures and impacts. The results of the study indicate that the main drivers of science and technology parks development are government policy, academic research, urge by countries to keep pace with technology and public private partnerships. It was also established that the parks had impacts such as promoting economic development and sustainability in urban growth as well as improving knowledge transfer from universities to industry. Governments have responded by coming up with policies that support the establishment of these cities. The study recommends that governments and other stakeholders need to invest more in science and technology parks through policies and public private partnerships to accelerate growth in Africa.