Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO

Conservation Agriculture Land Productivity on Livelihood Outcomes in ASAL Areas in Kenya

Justin Kyalo — Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Most economies in sub-Saharan Africa and Kenya are agriculturally based, hence the importance to boost agricultural development for poverty reduction. This can be achieved by promoting conservation agriculture which has been shown to increase productivity while conserving the environment at the same time. The study sought to assess conservation agriculture practices and their impact on livelihood outcomes focusing on Makueni and Machakos Counties. Specifically, the study investigated the effect of land productivity on livelihood outcomes of conservation agriculture farmers in Makueni and Machakos Counties. The study employed cross-sectional survey as a research design. The Cochran formula was used with a 5% level of significance to obtain sample size of 384 respondents. The study relied on stratified random sampling to achieve a high degree of representation from groups with the desired characteristics. Sample size for each stratum was determined proportionately by dividing the population in each stratum by the sample size. Qualitative data was be subjected to content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings show that land productivity has a positive influence on livelihood outcomes which include availability of food and catering for education and healthcare. The study concluded that Conservation Agriculture enhances land productivity which ultimately increases crop yield and hence, better livelihood outcomes.

Culture, Communication and Conflict in Conservation Campaigns in Participatory Forest Management in Kenya

Allan Majalia, Leonard Mjomba, Constance McDermott — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Global forest governance is at a watershed moment. This is a crucial time to analyse existing systems to contribute to the development of ‘new’ methods, perhaps related with this timeline, of forest management. This research contributes to discourse on re-evaluating within the context of forest communication conservation campaigns, taking a case study of Arabuko Sokoke Forest (ASF). This is where Participatory Forest Management (PFM), was first piloted in Kenya. This study uses a culture-centred approach (CCA) to analyse perhaps a collision of cultures in ASF and tries to understand why PFM has not achieved its communication conservation campaigns potential in ASF as compared to other forests in Kenya. The findings reveal perhaps unacknowledged conflict and a lack of shared meanings between forest conservation campaign strategists and Adjacent Forest Dwellers (AFDs), at ASF. This research contributes to praxis, where, sustainable forest governance, perhaps is a governance issue in Kenya. Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG, 13, 14 & 15), Theoretically ‘advancing’, contradistinction studies of communication studies and forest resources management.

Effect of Additives and Color on Levels of Acrylamide in Chips and Crisps from Selected Solanum Tuberosum Tubers

Obed M. Nyabaro — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Acrylamide is a small and simple molecule that could be formed in heated foods via several different mechanisms, which may involve reactions of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids and possibly other minor food components. It is a chemical substance formed by a reaction between amino acids and sugars (dissacharides) typically occurs when foods with high starch content such as potatoes, root vegetables and bread, are cooked at high temperatures (over 120°C) in a process of frying, roasting or baking that is capable of forming the Maillard reaction. A total of ten samples for analysis of levels of acrylamide due to use of additives and colour formation, were collected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. They were collected from selected retail outlets and hotels from different regions within the county during three different times within a spell of three months. Analysis was done in triplicates. The presence and concentration were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Colour analysis was done using colour spectrophotometer, based on the three colour parameters; lightness, yellowness and redness, the lightest value was 66.31 nm, yellowness of 34 nm and 6.9 nm in the redness. The lower parameter values were experienced in chips samples where lightness was 36.31 nm, yellowness 3.3 nm and 26 nm for redness parameters. Samples for analysis on effect of additives and flavours on levels of acrylamide were collected from vendors that stocked the flavored chips and crisps. Five samples for each flavour and additive were analysed using HPLC. The lowest levels were found to be 0.87 ± 0.01 mg/kg in bhajia and the highest 1.83 ± 0.01 mg/kg in garlic and peppered chips while for crisps, salted and vinegar samples recorded concentrations of 17.2 mg/kg and 49.2 mg/kg respectively. Results from this research on effect of colour were still within the range of chips products and this could be due to the Maillard reaction that occurs during cooking and therefore, these additives would not reduce the reaction and acrylamide levels while additives in potato crisps and chips have an impact on the levels of acrylamide since these are added to the raw potatoes during soaking before they are cooked. These have an effect on the reducing sugars and asparagine that reacts as a result of temperature rise to produce acrylamide unlike the additives in potato chips that are added after cooking.

Visitor Appraisal on Impact of Urban Wildlife Centre and Green Space: Study of Kitale Nature Conservancy, Kenya

Brian M. Waswala-Olewe, Faith Jepkemei, Joshua K. Thara, Nevil O. Sigana — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This article examined the contribution of an urban wildlife education centre, in promoting visitor connection to nature and awareness of conservation concerns. The study adopted a post-visitor appraisal quantitative survey approach on knowledge, attitudes and practices of visitors in relation to green spaces; individual action towards wildlife and environmental conservation; and level of use of signages and interpretations facilities. Our study revealed that upon visiting the facility, majority of the respondents had a better understanding of wildlife and the ecosystems; had learnt something new about wildlife and environmental conservation; and importance of sustainable tourism. Additionally, most of the respondents affirmed that their individual actions can significantly promote conservation measures, with a minor a population understanding how they can contribute to nature conservation This study stresses the contribution of wildlife education centres and green spaces in availing hands-on experiential lifelong knowledge essential for positive behaviour change and empathic human-wildlife-environment interventions.

Examining the Relationship Between Drought Trends and Food Crop Production in Siaya County, Kenya

Japheth O. Ogenga, Josephine K. W. Ngaira, Edward M. Mugalavai — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Over the years and throughout the earth’s history, drought has occurred in both temporal and spatial scales indicating climate change. Siaya County experiences drought that is largely attributed to climate change. These drought events lead to total crop failure or significantly reduce the yield of rainfed crops such as maize, beans, sweet potatoes, cassava and sorghum causing persistent food insecurity. The study examined the relationship between drought trends and food crop production in Siaya County. The research designs are composed of correlational and descriptive designs. Purposive sampling was employed based on the relevance of the source of data for the study. Secondary data mainly of annual rainfall and temperature (1992 – 2022) was acquired from the Kenya Meteorological Department. Annual food crop yield data (2012 – 2022) was sourced from the Department of Agriculture, irrigation, food, livestock and fisheries, County government of Siaya. Analysis methods involved Times series, Man-Kendall, descriptive, inferential analysis to examine annual precipitation, temperature and annual crop yield. Drought was analyzed using Standardized Precipitation Index. Findings reveal that there was a strong negative relationship between drought occurrences and food crops production with a correlation coefficient of -0.540, significant at 0.05, p value = 0.05. This indicates that increased drought trends led to reduction in annual food crop production which declined to 288,990.9 metric tons. There is need for relevant authorities such as KALRO and the departments of Agriculture to increase resources and efforts in educating the small-scale farmers on sustainable corrective drought risk reduction approaches to enhance food crop yield. The findings from this study will help small scale farmers better understand current drought trends and strengthen their capacities to increase production of food crops. Additionally, evidence-based policies can be informed from these findings to foster a risk sensitive development on food security

Impact of Poultry Marketing on the Uptake of Improved Indigenous Chicken Among Poultry Farmers in Konoin Sub-County, Bomet County, Kenya

Brendah N. Machuki, Stephen W. Maina — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Indigenous chicken products, especially their flavourful meat and deep yellow-yolked eggs, are highly valued for their taste, nutrition, and organic appeal. To enhance the productivity of indigenous chicken, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) developed the fast-growing, high yielding improved indigenous chicken. However, uptake of improved indigenous chicken remains low at just 24% despite awareness efforts. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the impact of poultry marketing on the uptake of improved indigenous chicken among poultry farmers in Konoin Sub- County, Bomet County, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey design, and a sample of 150 farmers was surveyed using questionnaires. The formula N≥104+8m was used to determine the sample size of 136 participants. The sample size was increased by 10%, giving a total sample size of 150 farmers to maximise accuracy and take care of non-response. Systematic sampling was used to select the sampled farmers from a list of poultry farmers. Data was analysed using frequencies, percentages, and multiple linear regression. The majority of the poultry farmers sold improved indigenous chicken at premium prices, especially in towns with higher demand. There was heavy reliance on brokers who control market access and pricing. Poultry marketing had a significant impact on the uptake of improved indigenous chicken, with a p-value of 0.000. The study concludes that poultry marketing has a statistically significant impact on uptake of improved indigenous chicken among poultry farmers. The study recommends that there is need to improve poultry marketing through price transparency, setting competitive value-based prices, market access, and training to promote uptake of improved indigenous chicken.

Climate Migration in the Horn of Africa: A Study of the Relationship between Climate Change, Migration, and Adaptation Strategies among Pastoral Communities

Mark P. Diyammi — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Horn of Africa, characterized by arid and semi-arid climates, is increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and extreme weather events. These environmental changes disproportionately affect pastoral communities reliant on natural resources. While traditional knowledge has long guided their adaptation, its effectiveness is now challenged by rapid climate shifts and socio-political factors. This study examines the interaction between climate change, migration, and adaptation strategies among pastoralists, identifying gaps in current research and evaluating the role of indigenous knowledge in resilience-building efforts. A systematic review of 45 peer-reviewed articles, reports, and policy documents from 2013 to 2022 was conducted, sourcing data from JSTOR, Scopus, and Google Scholar with keywords like "climate migration" and "traditional knowledge." Thematic analysis revealed that resource scarcity, particularly water and pasture shortages, drives cross-border migration. Although traditional practices such as seasonal grazing and ecological forecasting remain vital, they are increasingly strained by climate unpredictability and external pressures like land encroachment and modernization. Government policies often neglect indigenous practices, further marginalising pastoralists. Conflicts over dwindling resources and limited institutional support deepen vulnerabilities, exposing the limitations of relying solely on traditional systems. The study emphasises the need for hybrid strategies combining traditional knowledge with scientific innovations and inclusive policies. Recommendations include strengthening community resource management, fostering cross-border cooperation, and amplifying pastoralist voices in climate responses to enhance resilience

The Trend and Magnitude of Land Use and Land Cover Change and their Driving Forces in Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile, Northwest Ethiopia

Evans Obura, Oscar Donde, Fasikaw Zimale — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Monitoring the trend and magnitude of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change and its driving forces in the Basin provides essential information to decision-makers regarding the conservation and management of water resources. The Lake Tana Basin, situated in Ethiopia, serves as a vital ecological and economic hub, supporting diverse ecosystems and local communities. Despite its ecological and hydrological importance, unplanned LULC change predisposes the Basin to environmental problems such as land degradation, loss of habitat and biodiversity, soil erosion, water quantity degradation, and water pollution. The study utilized Geographic Information Science (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS) analysis, and key informants' perceptions to quantify and analyze the trend of spatio-temporal LULC change in the Lake Tana Basin over 20 years (2004–2024). Population increase, conservation efforts, climate change, soil fertility, and income level were assessed as potential drivers of LULC change. A supervised classification method was used on the Google Earth Engine platform to map seven LULC classes: Water Cover, Built-up Area, Forest Cover, Agricultural Land, Bare Land, Grassland, and Wetland. Classification accuracy was validated using confusion error metrics, recording overall accuracies of 86%, 97%, 95%, 93%, and 95% for the years 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019, and 2024, respectively. Post-classification change detection revealed increases in Water Cover (2.16%), Built-up Area (83.41%), Agricultural Land (38.32%), and Bare Land (39.11%), with corresponding reductions in Forest Cover (56.60%), Grassland (72.71%), and Wetland (64.06%). The study revealed that population growth significantly influenced the increase in built-up areas, reduction in forest cover, reduction in grasslands, and loss of wetlands, while an increase in water coverage was linked to climate change, and the expansion of bare land was influenced by soil type. The findings inform evidence-based policies for sustainable land use and conservation planning in the Lake Tana Basin.

Assessing the Water Scarcity Trends in Amathole South Africa: Recommendations for Climate Adaptation Policies

Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Water is at the core of sustainable development and is critical for human survival, healthy ecosystems, and socio-economic development. South Africa is faced with unprecedented environmental changes, which can be linked to climate-related disasters such as water scarcity or drought scenarios. Several studies suggest that these changes are likely to accelerate in the future thereby causing adverse effects on the water resource availability. The Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, especially Amathole District Municipality (ADM), has recorded a high number of climate change–related phenomena including prolonged water scarcity conditions. This study assesses the water scarcity trend in Amathole District from 2017 to 2023 using selected indicators so as to suggest responsive climate adaptation policies for the region. To accomplish this, the Standardized precipitation index (SPI), Withdrawals to Availability (WTA) Ratio, Palmer Drought Severity index (PDSI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were utilized to access the water scarcity patterns and variations. The SPI shows that February is the only observed month for extreme wetness as the water resources fluctuate throughout the whole year. The WTA identified Mnquma, Mbhashe, and the border areas of Raymond and Amahlathi Municipalities as the areas with the highest domestic water withdrawal. The PDSI indicates that areas experiencing mild drought conditions are limited to socioeconomic development. The NDVI shows the worsening water scarcity scenario with a severity peak in 2023. Based on these results, climate adaptation policy should be targeted at promoting water harvesting & conservation and capacity building for communities towards adopting sustainable agricultural practices. The results also emphasize the need to strengthen the institutional capacity of the district water governance.

The Level of Adoption of Vegetable Sun-Drying Technology in Teso South Sub County, Kenya

Obondo , Waswa L.M — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Sun-drying is one of the most efficient and cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable technologies to conserve agricultural products in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The aim of this study was to determine the level of adoption of vegetable sun-drying technology in Teso South sub-County, Kenya. A mixed survey design was used to access the target population. The population was first grouped into strata before the actual size was determined. Simple random sampling technique was used to administer semi-structured questionnaire to 384 farmers. Data gathered was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found out that 73% of respondents were aware of vegetable sun drying technology. The main source of information about sun-drying technology were farmer to farmer extension (59%), field days and demos (15%), researchers (10%) and agricultural extension services (9%). The study also revealed that seasonality had great influence on utilization of sun-drying technology with majority of the respondents preferring to sun-dry their vegetables whenever they had surplus (62%) and during the dry seasons (30%). The main reason for sun-drying vegetables was to increase availability during off season (40%). Cowpeas (63%), black night shade (12%), spider plant and amaranth (7%) were the most preferred sun-dried vegetables. The main materials used to sun-dry vegetables were polythene paper (32%), gunny bags (27%) and trays (20%). The major constraints to the use of sun-drying technology were unfavourable weather conditions (54%) and disturbance from livestock (21%) as most farmers lacked fabrication skills for enclosed solar dryers. In conclusion, sun-drying technology had positive influence on living standard of the people and therefore more farmers should be encouraged to embrace it. The study recommends commercialization of enclosed solar dryers by TVET institutions to overcome challenges associated with traditional sun-drying methods.

Fishery Potential and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Small Water Bodies in Narok and Nakuru Counties, Kenya

Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In 2022, this study assessed the fishery potential of Lake Solai, Kenyatta, Melelo, and Kikuyian Dams, incorporating fisheries data, environmental characteristics, and community perceptions on fishery development. Water quality parameters varied among the water bodies, with Kenyatta Dam recording lower temperatures (<17 °C). Dissolved oxygen levels remained consistently above 5 mg/L in all water bodies. Lake Solai yielded 36 fish, 24 Clarias gariepinus (catfish) and 12 Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia), with a catch rate of 9 fish per hour. The mean sizes were 46.88±5.6 cm for catfish and 24.16±6.6 cm for Nile tilapia, with condition factors of catfish (0.65±0.13) and Nile tilapia (1.7±0.31). Kenyatta Dam had a lower catch rate of 3 fish per hour, with 14 Nile tilapia averaging 23.53±5.50 cm and a condition factor of 1.93±0.22. Melelo Dam had a higher catch rate of 14 fish per hour, with catfish averaging 30.41±10.12 cm and Nile tilapia 23.21±6.2 cm, with a condition factor for tilapia above 1. No fish were caught in Kikuyian Dam. Fish yield estimates ranged from 548.3 t/yr in Solai to 4.8 t/yr in Kenyatta Dam. Communities perceived fisheries as an income-generating activity, highlighting the potential of SWBs to support fish production and rural livelihoods if investments in sustainable management, capacity building, and infrastructure are prioritized.

Efficiency of Innovations in Mitigating Livestock Depredation in the Wildlife Dispersal Areas of Maasai Mara National Reserve-Kenya

Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Wildlife conservation and local communities suffer significantly from livestock depredation on a socio-economic level. Local communities frequently kill or harm predators as a result of actual or perceived dangers to livestock. This study assessed the effectiveness of solar flashlights, predator-proof kraals, and “eye” Mark painting innovation in mitigating livestock depredation in wildlife dispersal areas. Data was collected through questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions, interviews, day-to-day monitoring and secondary sources for one year. All 342 respondents interviewed through the questionnaire survey experienced livestock depredation. The study recorded a total of 144 livestock attack incidents involving 294 killings and 52 Injuries. Of the 144 livestock depredation cases recorded in the year under investigation, only 2.3% (4) cases occurred under Solar Flashlight Kraals, Predator Proof Kraals and “Eye” marks Painting innovations. The total number of livestock killed under the innovations was 3% (n=9), while only 2% (n=1) were injured. The distribution of livestock killed showed a significant difference across the three innovation types (χ2=8.667, df=2, p=0.0131), while for the livestock injured in the innovations, there was no significant difference (χ2=2.000, df=2, p=0.3679). In conclusion, the three innovative techniques were equally efficient in protecting livestock against predator attacks and injuries.

Evaluating Heat Vulnerability in Kinshasa, DR Congo: A GIS-Based Study Using Open-Source Geospatial Data

Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Heat stress poses significant and unexpected dangers, particularly in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, where comprehensive heat risk assessments are lacking. In Central Africa, there has been little effort to investigate intra-city heat risk patterns due to limited data and computational resources at the institutional level. This study addresses this gap by synthesizing open-source geospatial datasets, including high-resolution land surface temperature data from Landsat, to map health-related heat risk in Kinshasa, DRC. Using a quantitative risk framework that integrates hazard, exposure, and vulnerability components, the analysis was conducted in open-source QGIS software and Google Earth Engine. The findings reveal a heat risk gradient that systematically decreases outward from the city center. Urban areas exhibit medium to high heat risk, while suburban and rural areas display low and very low risk. This pattern underscores the influence of factors such as the distribution of socioeconomic status, age demographics, population density, and vegetation coverage on heat risk. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers to develop targeted heat adaptation and mitigation strategies tailored to the most vulnerable areas of Kinshasa.

Spatio-Temporal Land Use Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas of Nakuru City, Kenya

Jackline Cherotich, Humphreys W. Obulinji, Amon M. Karanja, Enock N. Nyamira — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Developing countries, including those in Sub-Saharan Africa, continue to register high rates of urbanization, which is associated with significant changes in land use within its peri-urban areas. Nakuru City, in Kenya is not an exception. The city is one of the fastest growing cities in Eastern Africa. This is brought about by the high population growth rate and increased human activities. The growth of the city has caused notable changes in land use land cover in its peri-urban areas. Despite this, factual data on the extent of land use land cover changes is lacking, yet the data is critical for sustainable urban planning. Thus, this study sought to establish the spatio-temporal land use land cover changes in peri-urban areas of Nakuru city since 2003 to 2023. Study area polygon was used to select cloud free images and appropriate off-nadir angle of inclination. Purposive sampling was used to select three study locations out of seven locations which surround the city council of Nakuru. Supervised and unsupervised classification techniques were employed to get thematic information from satellite imagery. Idrisi remote sensing software was used to analyze spatial data on land use land cover changes. The results disclosed that land use land cover in peri-urban areas of Nakuru city changed significantly during the past two decades, between 2003 and 2023. Farmlands, built-up areas, bare lands and water bodies increased from 2003 to 2023. Forest area and shrub land, however, depicted a fluctuating trend with an area decrease in 2014 and then an increase in 2023. The area under grasslands constantly decreased. The findings of the study contribute towards achievement of the Kenya’s Vision 2030, which aim at providing high quality life, clean and secure environment to all through inclusive process involving all Kenyans. Appropriate measures need to be employed to reduce the rapid change in land use land cover and to integrate environmental conservation with urban development.

Analysis of the Contribution of the Competence-Based Agriculture Curriculum towards Promoting Innovative Agri-preneurship Among Junior Secondary School Students in Kenya

Robert O. Recha, Robert K. Ndambuki, Miriam N. Kyule — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The continued rise in youth unemployment evident from the surging cases of rural-urban migration culminating to social crimes, mushrooming of slums, HIV/AIDS and the never- ending vicious poverty cycle prompted the Kenyan government to change its education system from the 8-4-4 to the current 2-6-3-3-3 which is considered to take a more pragmatic approach to the teaching of vocational subjects such as Agriculture. With the 2-6-3-3-3 system being deemed fit to produce skillful youth who will significantly contribute to the economic development of the country, this study narrowed down to analyze the possible contribution of the competence-based agriculture curriculum towards promoting innovative agripreneurship among junior secondary school students. The study heavily relied on reviewing the most current and relevant literature linking competence based agricultural education to youth innovation and agripreneurship conducted for a 7-month duration between February and September 2024. Scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, John and Wiley, Taylor and Francis were used as the sources of secondary data for the study. The journal articles selected for the study were first verified to meet specified criteria such as written in English, have empirical data, focus on Competence-Based Education, agripreneurship and innovation among students and published in peer-reviewed journals. A total of 47 articles were used as sources of secondary data. In addition, content analysis of the grades 7 and 8 Agriculture and nutrition curriculum was also used as a source of data. The study established that Competency Based Agriculture promotes innovation and agripreneurship among learners. The study also established that the Junior Secondary Agriculture and Nutrition Curriculum covers much content promoting innovative agripreneurship. The study therefore recommends that teachers of Agriculture as the curriculum implementers should make efforts to implement CBA agriculture in a practical manner.

Land Use Changes and Implications for Food Production Planning in Peri-Urban Ruiru Sub-County, Kenya

Fuchaka Waswa, Duncan Gichabe, Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Despite the critical role of agriculture in Kenya’s economic development, conversion of prime agricultural land to concrete landscapes is increasing at a worrying trend, thus putting national food sovereignty and overall environmental quality at risk. This study investigated this dimension using Ruiru Sub-County as a case study. The aim was to trigger land use planning and policy changes towards a balanced approach between emerging real estate markets and saving agricultural land for posterity. Geographic Information System procedures were used to map land use and land cover changes from 1988 to 2024. Results showed that by 2024, land under agriculture had reduced by 45.62% while urban land use had increased by 509%. Similarly, bare and rocky area increased by 133%, which was indicative of increasing land loss to abandoned stone mining quarries. Decline in land sizes also means reduced area under industrial crops like coffee and tea, and hence the shift to leafy vegetables and annual crops demanded by the increasing urban market. Further, expected increase in intensive peri-urban farming systems, will likely be accompanied with heavy use of agro-chemicals. Therefore, there is need for policy interventions to save agricultural land from unregulated competing uses and also to integrate environmental management best practices in County land use master plans.

Anthropogenic Pressures on Selected Ahmadu Bello University Forest Plantations: Assessing the Consequences for Forest Sustainability

Akintunde I. Sodimu, Grace E. Ocholi — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Every year, forests are lost due to a variety of human-caused factors, even with the efforts to reduced deforestation through afforestation, reforestation, tree planting, and agro-forestry techniques. At Ahmadu Bello University, anthropogenic activities stress on selected forest plantations were examined in order to determine the implications for the sustainability of the forests A total of 120 questionnaires were randomly administered and 100 were retrieved. The questionnaire was administered in the following other; Forestry officials (20) community members (50) and Farmers (50). The questionnaire was designed in English Language and administered in two ways, some are distributed to the respondents and retrieved later while others are administered by group of interviewers who could speak and write in local dialects. Face - to - face method of interviews was adopted by the group. A total of 6 plantations were randomly selected based on their proximity, stock density, economic values and vulnerable to various anthropogenic activities. Simple descriptive statistic was used to analysed the data collected. The results show that 39.0% of the respondents were between the age brackets of 31 – 40 years. 50% of sampled respondents are married while 25% are single. 68% are male while 32% are female. 30% of the respondents are forestry practitioners. 37% of the respondents had primary school education, 10% had no form of formal education, 15% had Quranic education, 12% had secondary school education, 26% had tertiary education. 38.10% of the respondents identified that farming / livestock activities are the major anthropogenic activities in the study area. 45% of the respondents identified that extent and intensity of various anthropogenic activities is very severe on ecosystem, 95% of the respondents agreed and have observed that human activities cause changes in forest plantation ecosystem 45% are of the opinion that impact of anthropogenic activities results in habitat loss. 34.88% o engaged in these negative acts because of poverty and lack of alternative livelihood. 37.12% identified that these acts only make minimal contribution to the household in supporting their family as alternative source of income while 45% of the respondents identified that public awareness is the main strategy to adopt in curbing these acts in our forest plantation estates. It was recommended that the stakeholders draft and implement new forest policy reforms that would severely punish offenders in order to deter future offenders. Finally, it was suggested that forest guards be hired to patrol plantations in order to curb all of these anthropogenic activities.

Sustainable Management Strategies for Chepkoilel-Sergoit Catchment (CSC): Linking Environmental, Water, and Food Security

Chibole, O. K, Mwasi, S, Odenyo, V. A, Ucakuwun, E. K, Ngode, L — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Due to rapidly increasing population, CSC has undergone unprecedented land use and land cover (LULC) transformations in the last three decades. This study carried out an integrated analysis of selected environmental, water, and food security parameters in the Catchment in order to identify management strategies that would optimize its sustainable management. The catchment was subdivided into three zones based on LU/LC and topography. The geology, LU/LC changes, soils, hydrology, and river ecosystem health were assessed. LU/LC changes were examined and quantified using supervised classification of Landsat imagery of 1995, 2014 and 2020 in ArcGIS 3.2, and ground-truthing. Soil study was carried out through review of existing published studies, study area reconnaissance visits, and close observation of exposed soil profiles. Hydro-meteorological data was analysed using hydrological time series, and selected water quality parameters were analysed. The LU/LC study showed that the catchment had lost 69% of its forest cover, while farmland increased by 44%, settlement increased by 261% and wetland declined by 64% during the period. Nitosols and Ferralsols were found to be predominant soils. The river ecosystem health of the whole catchment was found to be degraded with the degradation extent increasing from the upper to the lower zone. The study concluded that the catchment requires sustainable management strategy

The Role of Industry in CBET Curriculum Development Process. A Case of Nyandarua National Polytechnic, Kenya

Fred Ododa — Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

TVET institutions in Kenya have been mandated to equip trainees with skills and competencies in trade areas that match the industry's needs. The TVET Sector in Kenya has undergone several reforms since 2013, with the most recent being four years ago, when a need to review the skills provided to trainees in TVET institutions emerged. This followed concerns raised by various stakeholders about the mismatch of skills in the industry. This aims to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. A study by the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (2017) established that the training content in the TVET institutions did not match industry needs. It’s therefore in this regard that this study investigated the role of industry in the CBET Curriculum Development Process, a case of Nyandarua National Polytechnic. A descriptive research design was applied. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to obtain a sample of respondents, where 53 industry experts were identified to participate in the study. A questionnaire consisting of both structured and open-ended questions was developed for the study, and results were coded, tabulated, and analyzed the SPSS. Findings from the study revealed that industry and sector skills play a critical role in ensuring there is no mismatch between the skills provided in the learning institution and those required in the industry. It was therefore recommended that TVET institutions, in collaboration with relevant industry/sector skills together be involved in curriculum development to ensure effective implementation of CBET. In conclusion, the industry is key in retooling the TVET curriculum for the industrial revolution.

A Review of AI-Enabled Personalised Teaching (2021–2025): Progress, Impact, and Future Directions

Dev Aditya, Pauldy CJ Otermans — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Between 2021 and 2025, AI-enabled teaching emerged as a key innovation in addressing global educational challenges such as teacher shortages, learning disparities, and skills gaps. For the first time, it promised to give learners outside of a lab or limited settings, a personal teacher available to support their diverse needs in highly personalised ways 24/7. This paper critically reviews the evolution of AI-integrated teaching, synthesising insights from existing literature alongside findings from four major research studies conducted by the authors during this period. Central to these investigations is OIAI, an AI-teacher system developed and piloted by the researchers across Africa, Europe, Asia, North America and South America. These form the basis of a pioneering implementation in two African nations; Kenya and São Tomé and Príncipe, in 2025.

From Global to Local: UNESCO’s Role in Africa’s Educational Development

Richard M. Bosire — Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This paper explores the role of UNESCO in Africa’s Educational development and Africa’s present and future socio-economic prosperity. It delves into the question: does multilateralism really matter in promoting educational development in Africa? Our findings are that UNESCO has had a positive impact on Africa’s educational development through various programmes that have influenced the States’ policy direction, education financing through partnerships and collaborations with Member States and other organizations such as the GPE. The international liberal theory and its variants were adopted as the theoretical perspective and its assumptions affirmed by the evidence supplied herein. UNESCO’s various norms, principles and policies in educational development, have triggered corresponding behavioral change among African states. Thus, the activities of UNESCO have shaped the Continent’s pace in educational development and toward the creation of sustainable futures. This paper equally discusses the various sources of educational development financing and identifies some of the challenges African States are facing in funding education and ensuring universal access to quality, and equitable education for Africa’s children and youth, who constitute about 77% of the population. One of the challenges is national underfunding of the education sector and an increasing reliance on contributions from the private sector. However, many African States have complied with UNESCO’s basic national education financing norm of allocating a minimum of 20% of national budgets to education. This paper proposes a number of recommendations to improve education outcomes and sustainable futures for all.

Influence of Parental Support on Early Years Learners’ Literacy Competencies in Nyamira South Sub-County, Nyamira County, Kenya

Martha B. Nyaenda, George N. Areba, Florence Boinet — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Early childhood is an important stage of life with respect to children social, emotional, intellectual and physical development hence utmost care and involvement is critical. This study looked at the task of involvement of parents on early year’s learners’ literacy competencies in Nyamira South Sub County. The study specific objectives were to determine the influence of parental education, parental access to home literacy resources, and parental social economic level on early years learners’ literacy competencies in Nyamira South Sub County. This study was guided by Coleman and ecological systems theory. A descriptive research design targeting 7,494 parents of children enrolled in early childhood development centers from Nyamira South Sub County were involved. From the population, Yamane formular was utilized to compute a sample size of 380 parents through multi-stage sampling. Collection of primary data was done using structured questionnaire. The quantitative data was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Inferential analysis was conducted to develop a study model through multiple regression analysis, and the model was validated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated that parental education level had a positive but moderately insignificant impact on preschool children's literacy skills (β=0.167; p=0.0133; r=0.538). The availability of home literacy resources showed a positive and moderately significant effect (β=0.222; p=0.042; r=0.550), and parental economic well-being demonstrated a positive moderate significant influence (β=0.309; p=0.009; r=0.586) on literacy skills of preschoolers in Nyamira South Sub-County. Based on these findings, the study recommends that parents should strive to enhance their literacy skills and equip their homes with appropriate learning materials suited for their preschool children. Significantly the study will inform policies on involvement of parents of early years of learning.

Integrating AI-Based Image Analysis for Objective Assessment in CBET Practical Examinations

Nahashon Kiarie — Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Kenya plays a vital role in equipping learners with practical skills essential for economic development. However, competency-based practical assessments in TVET institutions face challenges such as human bias, inconsistencies, and inefficiencies due to manual evaluation methods. This study investigated the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based image recognition to automate and enhance the accuracy, objectivity, and efficiency of CBET practical assessments. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a baseline survey of 50 students and 10 trainers to assess AI awareness and perceptions, followed by the development and testing of an AI-powered image recognition system for evaluating AutoCAD practical tasks. Results indicate moderate AI awareness but high willingness for AI training among participants. The AI model demonstrated improved consistency and time efficiency compared to traditional instructor-led assessments. The findings demonstrate that AI-driven assessment tools offer fast and consistent evaluations, enabling timely feedback delivery even in large TVET classes. This scalability significantly reduces instructor workload while maintaining uniform standards across assessments. By facilitating fast, reliable, and scalable competency evaluations, AI can enhance skill development and employability in Kenya’s TVET sector, contributing to narrowing the digital divide through broader adoption of advanced technologies in TVET.

Leveraging Generative AI to Scale Item Generation Amid Rising Assessment Demands in Education

Jonah Kenei — Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In the last few years assessment bodies have witnessed larger student numbers, reduced resources and increasing costs of exam administration which have led to the emergence of e-assessment as efficient and cost-effective method of assessment in education. As educational institutions shift towards the complete adoption of e-assessments for high-stake examinations, there are associated challenges that accompany this development. The transition from traditional paper-based examinations to digital formats present both opportunities and challenges for educational systems worldwide. A significant challenge is to develop many test items to support e-assessment. Leveraging technology, such as automated item generation (AIG), can scale up the number of items required in e-assessment but with its fair share of challenges. This paper investigates the computational techniques of scaling up item development to support e-assessment and facilitating a seamless transition to e-assessments while maintaining quality and fairness of assessment. Through a review of literature, the paper explores the challenge of traditional item writing in transitioning to digital e-assessment platforms. Additionally, the paper examined the use of automated item generation tools that are currently in use and their contribution in assessment practice. From the literature, it was observed that template-based AIG has demonstrated great success with many practical use cases. However, despite the success of template-based AIG over traditional item writing, it still requires subject matter experts to develop cognitive models and item models. Finally, the potential of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing this problem was examined. Finally, we explored ChatGPT generative AI model in generating test items, with the objective of finding out its capabilities. By using ChatGPT, it is possible to generate different types of items that are comparable to those created by human authors and this novel development is expected to help assessment providers seeking to navigate the complexities of transitioning to digital high-stakes examinations.

AI for Teacher Training, Personalised Support to Mitigate Crowded Classrooms, And Youth Upskilling: The Potential of AI in Kenya

Dev Aditya, Pauldy CJ Otermans — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This paper examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing the significant challenges faced by the Kenyan education sector, particularly in teacher training and youth employability. Kenya grapples with a severe shortage of educators and limited access to quality educational resources. As global economies increasingly rely on digital literacy and technical skills, equipping both teachers and learners with modern competencies has become critical. This paper draws on the implementation of Otermans Institute’s AI-driven educational platform, OIAI, as a scalable, accessible, and cost-effective solution.The research analyses qualitative and quantitative data from users, stakeholder feedback, and related academic literature to evaluate the effectiveness of AI teachers in enhancing educational outcomes. Key findings highlight high user engagement, substantial skill acquisition, and the feasibility of AI integration even in low-connectivity regions. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations and strategic frameworks to support nationwide AI adoption, ultimately contributing to the upskilling of Kenya’s teaching workforce and the empowerment of its youth for the digital economy.

AI Opportunities in Human-Centered Design Education

Henry Wanakuta, Nathaniel B. Walker, Amani Khan — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents transformative potential for human-centered design education by enabling personalized learning, enhancing collaboration, and expanding access to tailored resources. This study aimed at exploring AI technologies support for instruction in design education, especially their application in personalization, online collaborative learning, and equitable access, along with their ethical considerations. A mixed-methods approach was utilized in this study that included surveys combined with semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. The purposive sample of 60 participants was made up of 25 instructors, 30 students, and 5 design professionals at Stephen F. Austin State University. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation, toward identifying correlations between learner performance and the usage of AI, while qualitative data was thematically analyzed using NVivo. Results showed how AI significantly facilitates individualized learning through real-time feedback and personalized content (Demszky et al., 2023; Woolf, 2010), facilitates collaboration through intelligent platforms (Suthers, 2006), and opens access to relevant resources (Ferguson, 2012; Chiu et al., 2023). Data privacy issues, bias (Luckin et al., 2016; O’Neil, 2016), and the ability to augment educational inequity (Warschauer, 2004) issues were raised, however. The study concludes on the premise that AI can support effective learning and inclusion if complemented by ethical surveillance and access parity interventions

Enhancing Lifelong Learning and Graduate Employability in Teacher Education Programs: ADDIE Framework Approach

Pamela Ochieng — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the growing need for cognitive, creative, social, and emotional skills, in addition to technical abilities, in response to the rapidly evolving work environment. A critical alignment between job skills and individual competencies is essential for personal well-being, workforce productivity, and overall economic growth. This study explored strategies for fostering lifelong learning in teacher education programs at universities in Kenya, focusing on using the ADDIE framework for program revision. The key objectives were to identify mechanisms that promote lifelong learning, assess the role of industry partnerships in enhancing graduate employability, and develop a framework for revising teacher education programs. Using a concurrent triangulation approach, the study employed a descriptive survey design across four universities in Kenya, with participants including deans, heads of sections, and students. The findings revealed that effective policies and organizational support are essential for nurturing lifelong learning and strengthening industry partnerships. Furthermore, aligning teacher education programs with the evolving needs of industry requires continuous engagement from stakeholders and policies that support adequate teacher supply, appropriate candidate selection, and equitable teacher distribution, especially in underserved areas. These practices are vital for educators, policymakers, and workforce development professionals to address the demands of the future labor market. A holistic approach that emphasizes these strategies is crucial for enhancing the quality and accessibility of education and advancing national development goals.

Technology Enhanced Learning and Teaching in Higher Education Institutions in the 21 Century: Benefits and Challenges

Audrey Matere, Josephine Oranga — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Modern higher education faces challenges for both learners and lecturers. While digital resources, Web 2.0 technologies, and online connectivity offer significant learning opportunities, many Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) remain basic and fragmented. This study investigated technology-enhanced learning and teaching in Kenyan higher education institutions. Utilizing a descriptive survey design, the study involved 15 ICT staff and 1467 students from various institutions, employing stratified and purposive sampling methods. Data was collected through questionnaires and interview schedules, with quantitative analysis conducted using SPSS and qualitative data analyzed thematically. The findings reveal that technology enhances learning by providing access to information, promoting interactive and immersive experiences, fostering collaboration, and offering cost-effective resources. It also supports adaptive learning, critical thinking, and skills development. However, challenges such as limited access to technology, digital literacy gaps, high costs, data privacy concerns, and resistance to technology adoption were identified. Despite these obstacles, universities are successfully using technology to promote active learning, collaboration, and academic support, contributing to improved teaching and learning outcomes in higher education.

A Rationale for the Introduction of AI Education at an Early Age for Digital Equity

Susan W. Gitu, Nobert O. Basweti — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study sought to advocate for the introduction of AI education in early childhood in Kenya and Africa at large. Studies indicate that AI will be a significant subject in the future, and this has forced most countries to start preparing for it. For instance, China has started teaching AI in both primary and secondary schools. Kenya on her part, has endorsed computer studies at both primary and secondary school levels even though computer studies do not dwell so much on AI fundamental topics. This study employed a systematic literature review to generate the merits of introducing AI education at an early age. The findings of the study indicate that introduction of AI education at the lower levels of education is advantageous for it will ensure digital equity; inculcate 21st century skills necessary for the 4th industrial revolution. It will also facilitate understanding of the basic functions and use of AI and AI applications. Lastly, AI education will meet the needs of future generations by preparing children for an unpredictable job market and a future with AI, inspire a novel generation of AI scholars and teach the succeeding generation of experts how to develop ethical and safe AI systems.

Instructional Techniques and Enhancement of Writing Proficiency in English Language

Philip C. Kwambai — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The paper assesses the instructional methods employed in English language classrooms to enhance students’ writing ability. Using particular elements of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) enhances teachers' capacity to foster the advancement of students' writing. The paper contends, using empirical data from Kenya's Marakwet Sub-Counties, that the inability of English language teachers to apply CLT methodologies exacerbates students' diminishing performance in English language. The study illustrates that information-gap, task-completion, opinion-sharing, information-transfer and role-play activities are crucial for the enhancement of writing skills. The sample group comprised eleven public secondary institutions, constituting 33% of the schools surveyed. They were selected by stratified random sampling based on the administrative divisions of the sub-counties. Eleven teachers of English were chosen via purposive sampling. Simple random sampling was used to select 121 students from the eleven form three classes. Data was gathered through interviews, observations, and questionnaires and analyzed descriptively and presented using tables and pie charts. The study concludes that techniques such as groupwork, discussions, question-and-answer, and daily assignments are essential for teaching writing. To enhance students' writing performance, real-life writing contexts should be prioritized, and educators should adopt the use of CLT instruction.

Keeping Our Markets Open: A Post-Training Evaluation of the Cogni-Constructive Performance on Welding and Fabrication Centrations in the Kenyan Jua Kali Sector Using the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition

Oyuga, J. O, Hussein, A. O, Kedogo, J. M, Esho, L. S — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

COVID-19 mandates and laws after the 2020 outbreak resulted in closure of most public markets in Kenya. The Technical University of Kenya responded to this closure through the “Keep Our Markets Open” initiative which resulted in design of COVID-19 compliant permanent and mobile stall prototypes. The urgency to mass-fabricate these stalls meant integrating NGOKAMKA, an umbrella outfit for Jua Kali artisans into the project, using the “Training on the Job” methodology. The success of this programme encouraged the National Government to mainstream Welding and Fabrication in its flagship projects. This study aimed at establishing the level of competencies of various centrates within the Welding and Fabrication sector and checked if knowledge and skills imparted to the trainees were diffused to their colleagues in their respective workshops. Questionnaires were used to survey fabricators domiciled in government run active construction sites. Levels of competencies for centrates considered core were higher than competencies for centrates considered fringe. This was influenced by factors like repeatability, personal safety, client demand and levels of return. The study recommends measures like improving coherence in training and validation amongst the various bodies, transferring training to the actual workshops and improving collaboration amongst stakeholders.

The Use of AI In Arts Education: A Didactic Tool for Sensitising Students and for the Detection of Technology Assisted Writing in the Humanities

Runette Kruger — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The disruption caused by the launch of generative AI such as ChatGPT in 2022 has impacted strategies for effective knowledge transfer and assessment across the higher education sector. This essay presents a model or rubric that can be used by educators in the humanities to detect the probable use of AI and to sensitise students to the unoriginality and generic nature of the generated output. The rubric was compiled by coding the artist’s statements of ninety-three art students and graduates from five countries and two continents, participating in the same exhibition. Coding of the data revealed the presence of five defining characteristics that point to the probable use of AI. These are the prevalence and repetition of identified terms as well as phrases; the excessive use of flattering adjectives; hyperbolic statements; and, lastly, tortured phrases. Findings include the widespread reliance on technology in samples from all institutions in the study, across five countries on different continents. Recommendations include a focus on the development of adequate writing skills at school as well as university level combined with centring the importance of ethical conduct in research (and more broadly) as a guiding principle that goes beyond compliance. The source of the data is in the public domain. However, no students or institutions are identified in the presentation, analysis or discussion of the data.

Predicting Student Attrition in Kenyan Universities: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms

Lilian Nyawira, Obadiah Musau, Aggrey Adem, Eric Jobunga — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

One of the primary goals of higher education institutions is to provide high-quality education and ensure a high completion rate. Reducing student attrition is one strategy for attaining high-quality education. Identifying students who are susceptible to dropping out and the variables that lead to dropouts are essential to achieving this. The purpose of this research was to ascertain how machine learning models might be used to forecast student attrition in Kenyan universities. Based on a number of classification criteria, such as F1 score, precision and accuracy, the study assessed and contrasted the performance of numerous algorithms, including Decision Trees, Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and Logistic Regression. The analysis demonstrated how well Logistic Regression worked, outperforming the other models and consistently striking a balance between precision and recall. Decision Trees and Random Forest, despite showing improvements through hyperparameter tuning, still struggled to identify students at risk of attrition. Naive Bayes, while relatively balanced, did not match the performance of Logistic Regression. The study provided a comprehensive overview of each model's strengths and limitations and suggests future work to further optimize the models for better predictive performance.

Teacher Education in the Advent of Transition of Education Systems in Kenya

Jared M. Mauti, Rose Moindi, George A. Masagara — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Teachers play a pivotal role in the successful implementation of a nation’s educational curriculum. In Kenya, their role has become increasingly dynamic due to historical and ongoing transitions in the education system. This paper critically examines the transformation of teacher education in Kenya amidst the national shift from the 8-4-4 system to the Competency-Based Education (CBE), with particular emphasis on curriculum content adaptation, pedagogical reform, assessment practices, stakeholder engagement, and policy realignment. Grounded in empirical studies, national policy reviews, and historical analyses of major education commissions—namely Ominde, Gachathi, and MacKay—the study investigates how teacher education institutions are reorienting instructional strategies to meet the learner-centred, skills-driven demands of competency-based education. It highlights the shift from rote, exam-oriented pedagogies to reflective, participatory, and technologically mediated teaching approaches. However, the analysis reveals persistent challenges, including misalignments between pedagogical theory and classroom practice, limited infrastructure, disparities in digital access, and inadequate continuous professional development (CPD) for both pre-service and in-service teachers. The integration of technology, while promising in advancing instructional innovation, also underscores inequalities between urban and rural institutions. Moreover, the study critiques the efficacy of current stakeholder participation frameworks, noting the need for decentralization and stronger institutional collaboration. The paper concludes that while policy intent is commendable, the successful realization of CBE goals necessitates sustained investment in teacher capacity building, equitable resource allocation, and inclusive access to educational technologies. It recommends a systemic, equity-driven approach to curriculum reform and professional development as critical levers for ensuring quality, relevance, and sustainability in Kenya’s teacher education landscape.

Influence of Individual Factors on Effective Adoption of E-Learning in Kenyan Technical Training Institutions: Case of The Kisii National Polytechnic, Kenya

Fredrick W. Okinda, Ronald O. Orucho — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In developed countries, e-learning has transformed traditional education into a more adaptable and effective learning environment. But in technical colleges, e-learning is still underutilized and in its early phases of development. Therefore, in developing nations like Kenya, comprehending the crucial elements influencing technology adoption and acceptance is of utmost importance. The purpose of this study was to look into the various individual factors that have contributed to the limited success of e-learning in Kenyan technical training institutes. Kisii National Polytechnic (KNP) was used as a case study. A stratified sampling strategy was used to get data from a sample size of 63. An online questionnaire was used as the data gathering tool. Descriptive statistics was used in data analysis. The research was carried out in July and August of 2021. There were 63 respondents who had registered on the KNP Learning Management System (LMS). Female respondents made up 23.81% of the overall number of respondents on LMS. The attendance rate for LMS training was 74.60%, indicating that the majority of KNP departments had participated. When it came to restricting reasons for using the LMS, internet connectivity (43%) was ranked very low, access to computers as ranked very low (47%), inadequate training was ranked very high (32.0%), and insufficient incentives (38.0%) were ranked high by respondents. Individual factors such as computer literacy were strongly connected to the length of time spent using the LMS, the frequency with which it was used, and the adoption of the LMS. LMS adoption was found to be strongly adversely linked with computer phobia and age. As a result of the findings, adequate computer literacy training, integration of e-learning into TVET strategic plan, improvement of institution ICT infrastructure and the provision of incentives should be addressed to promote adoption.

Ritual Practices as an Ontological Foundation of Life Skills in the African Context

Amos Magut — Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

African rituals are often criticized and dismissed as either superstitious or irrational. These criticisms, often based on Eurocentric prism, fail to appreciate the African mode of thinking that fuses the epistemological into the metaphysical. One of the consequences of such dismissal has been the unprecedented neglect and isolation of the indigenous life skills that shaped the life and practices of African individuals, families and communities for centuries. This paper examines the African ritual in order to establish its reasonableness by interrogating its ontology and tracing how life skills evolve out it. The paper argues that there is variation in worldviews among cultures. Therefore, the form, content and meaning of social actions and behaviors in the African cultural context cannot be judged on the principles of Western scientific rationality. They should instead be seen in light of Africa’s holistic understanding of health, communal lifestyle and the central place of spirituality. The paper further argues that based on African ontology, African rituals with their deep-rooted cultural, spiritual, and communal significance, form a vital foundation for indigenous life skills.

Harnessing Indigenous Knowledge and Management Systems of Marine Ecosystems Among the Mijikenda of Coastal Kenya

Khamati Shilabukha — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This paper presents findings of a study on the indigenous knowledge and management systems of the Mijikenda people of marine resources. The objective of the study was to investigate how Mijikenda indigenous knowledge system provides a foundation sustainable management of marine resources. The study was guided by the theory of neo-structuralism and was undertaken between 2013 and 2022 in villages stretching from Vanga on the border between Kenya and Tanzania in the south coast to Matsangoni in Kilifi County in the north coast of Kenya. The study employed the exploratory design which was descriptive. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews, informal interviews and transect walks. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings indicate that the community has been managing mangroves, fisheries and corals through indigenous systems over the years. The systems used to manage and conserve the resources include seasonal bans, demarcation of some species or ecosystems as sacred or taboo as well as the use of metaphors. The community has done this through observation of characteristics such as behaviour related to feeding, breeding, style of movement in the sea as well as seasonal appearance in certain locations.

Doing’ Masculinity: The Intersection of Sexuality and Manliness in Bukusu Circumcision

Evans K. Wanyama — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The expansion of gender scholarship has cemented the sociological constructionist paradigm of gender in the academia. Masculinity is thus hypothesized as biologically embedded and socially embodied. In Africa, this hypothesis reinforced the academic focus on circumcision as the dominant marker of manliness. I argue that the preoccupation with circumcision narrows the scope of masculinity research to the constructionist strand. This essay challenges the preponderance of the transitional purpose of circumcision. I draw on the sociological constructionist paradigm of gender and Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis in an integrated theoretical framework to advance the argument that the focal character of circumcision transcends the temporal transitioning of men from childhood. Because of the rich ritual symbolism involved, circumcision is structured to equip men with the instruments of performing male power and privilege in competing gender relations. The paper draws on oral evidence among the Bukusu of Bungoma County, Kenya, coupled with secondary data from books and journals to deduce the constellation of phallocentrism and its masculine expression in sexuality. The findings intervene in the dearth of literature in men’s studies in eastern Africa by illuminating the social intersectionality of masculinity and its delineation of power relations.

Types Of Sexual, Gender Based Violence Faced by Congolese Male Refugees Face in Kakuma Refugee Camp - Kenya

Margaret Manyanya, Lilian Chesikwa, Charles Wambu — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Sexual violence is a significant public health and human rights issue worldwide. Refugees and asylum seekers affected by armed conflict are particularly vulnerable. In Kenya, the extent of sexual violence in humanitarian settings remains underexplored. Although many organizations address gender-based violence, little is known about male refugees who are victims of sexual violence. This paper aims to identify how cultural norms influence sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) faced by Congolese male refugees in Kakuma Camp. The study adopted a mixed cross-sectional survey research design. The study population for this study included refugee male survivors of sexual violence within Kakuma refugee camp, Turkana West Constituency. purposive sampling was used to select male refugees who formed the sampling frame. Simple random sampling was used to select 382 male refugees and 6 key informants as the respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative data. The key Findings revealed that Congolese male refugees in Kakuma experience various forms of SGBV, including physical abuse (46%), sexual abuse (33%), and psychological abuse (21%). Younger males (18-29 years) reported higher incidences of SGBV compared to older age groups. Cultural norms significantly impacted the reporting and perception of SGBV, with societal stigma and the pressure to conform to traditional masculine roles discouraging many victims from seeking help. The study concluded that addressing SGBV among male refugees requires a multisectoral approach that includes cultural sensitivity, awareness programs, and support systems tailored to the unique needs of male survivors.

Trends In Women Participation in Coffee Cooperatives in Kiambu County

Sophiah K. Abuga, Wycliffe Oboka, Joseph Akuma — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Trends in women participation in agricultural cooperatives reveal the progress of interventions and persistent challenges in coffee cooperatives. Women participation rates in coffee cooperatives in Kenya has remained significantly low, hence it is necessary to analyze the trends so as to determine necessary intervention to keep the trends positive in coffee cooperatives. The study was guided by Gender and Development (GAD) theory and a descriptive research design whereby a sample of 398 respondents was selected through simple random for questionnaire respondents and purposive sampling for interviewees. Data collection involved questionnaires for cooperative members and in-depth interviews with managers, chairpersons and key informant interviews for cooperative officers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The findings revealed notable upward trends in women’s participation in membership, involvement in educational forums, improvements in leadership roles and decision-making processes. However, significant gaps remain, particularly in women’s access to leadership opportunities and information. The study recommended sustained efforts to enhance women’s access to leadership positions, training and information-sharing mechanisms to support continued growth in gender equality.

Geo-Politics of Maritime Shipping and Sustainable Sea Port Management in Marginalised Region of Nigeria: Case of Ibom Deep Sea, Calabar, Onne and Warri Ports

Jimmy, U.J, Osogi, M.A — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study entitled ‘Geo-Politics of maritime shipping and sustainable seaport management in marginalised region of Nigeria: Case of Ibom Deep Sea, Calabar, Onne and Warri Ports’ explore the complexities and intricacies in the Nigerian shipping industry characterised by ethno-political bigotry, regional marginalisation and individual interest over collective goods. Niger Delta is recognised as one of world’s most popular geographic entities due to its abundance natural resources particularly oil and gas, fisheries and navigable water. The paper used narrative and literatures from pre-existing journals and reports in an attempt to understand the rationale for the collapse of shipping industry in Niger Delta as well as the forces opposing sustainable seaport management in the region despite the resources and the yearning of the people. Findings revealed that the Calabar and Warri seaports has been abandoned, the Onne port is dominated by foreign investors while the proposed Ibom deep seaport is fictional and unrealistic for more than a decade. It was also found out that influential entrepreneurs and political figure in the Southwest due to their interest in the Lagos Sea ports, are not in support of seaport decentralisation policy with fears that, such actions would result to the collapse of their shipping investment in the Southwestern Nigeria. The delay in the implementation of seaports in the Niger Delta region is not just economic barrier to the regional itself, it extends beyond Nigeria up to the Gulf of Guinea. Findings shown that the completion of Ibom Deep Sea port which is bounded by six (6) maritime African countries is capable of transforming the economic situation of Nations within the Gulf of Guinea. It was further found out that, the Nigerian Port Authority (NPA) sited in Lagos are dominated by certain ethnic division who have put a stronghold by ensuring that their region controls the shipping industry, thus leaving other region with better shipping potential irrelevant. Following this, it is suggested that decentralisation of seaport in all the six geo-politic regions will bring about an all-encompassing development, inclusive growth, job opportunities and wealth for all Nigerians and Africa by extension.

Disability Mainstreaming of Built Infrastructure at the Kenya School of Government, Lower Kabete Campus

Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study assessed the influence of various environmental factors on the successful mainstreaming of individuals with physical disabilities in educational settings. The study sought to identify specific factors within the physical, social, policy, educational, and technological environments of learning institutions, focusing on the Kenya School of Government – Lower Kabete Campus in March 2024. The study assessed the level and influence of environmental factors on the inclusion and support of students with physical disabilities, with the aim of informing interventions to enhance mainstreaming efforts, in line with promoting equity and access for all learners. The study adopted a quantitative approach for data collection using questionnaires and was complemented by overt photographs. It established that majority of the respondents were aware of disability, with a mixed perception towards built environment for persons with disabilities. The study also revealed low accessibility to critical buildings including lecture halls and lack of designated parking spaces for persons with disabilities. It recommends adoption of strategic priority initiatives aimed at enhancing physical infrastructure for persons with disabilities; fostering awareness and understanding of disability issues; establishing dedicated support services tailored to meet the diverse needs of persons with disabilities; and catalysing proactive measures aimed at enhancing accessibility, inclusivity, and support systems for persons with disabilities at Kenya School of Government - Lower Kabete Campus. Finally, it proposes increasing and demarcating signages for persons with disabilities infrastructure; and stimulating collaboration with disability advocacy groups, government agencies, and community organizations to leverage resources, share best practices, and advocate for systemic change.

Institutional Support on Mental Health Issues: A Case of Rift Valley National Polytechnic

Paul K. Komen, Jackline A. Ong’injo — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The growing severity of mental health challenges among students is a critical issue for learning institutions. However, there is limited knowledge about the steps institutions are taking to support students’ mental well-being. This study investigates the extent of institutional support for students’ mental health, with a focus on management and trainers' involvement at Rift Valley National Polytechnic, Kenya. The objective was to assess how management and trainers support mental health services in the institution. A descriptive survey design was adopted, followed by data collection from 83 students through simple random sampling. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables and percentages. The study found that management and trainers play a significant role in supporting student mental health. Key challenges identified included poor timetabling, financial constraints, and inadequate guidance and counseling services. Additionally, cases of school dropouts and suicide were reported, largely linked to financial hardships. Government capitation issues and strained relationships were also highlighted as contributing factors to psychological distress. The findings provide valuable insights for administrators, trainers, and policymakers on improving student mental health support systems. The study concludes that prioritizing mental health programs is essential for strengthening primary healthcare within learning institutions.

Organizational Strategies for Addressing Barriers to Women’s Participation in Agricultural Cooperatives

Bitange. M, Waweru, K., Wambu, C. — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Most of the time, women's active participation is structural and stems from household and community sociocultural norms. Both the law and culture acknowledge males as the nominal owners of household assets in the vast majority of cases. Women consequently do not have equal access to money and benefits. Due to this lack of access, women's confidence is further undermined, which makes it rare for them to hold important positions in market-based agricultural and mixed cooperatives. The study adopted mixed method research design and targeted 45 registered dairy and coffee cooperative with a membership of 114,267 members in Kiambu County. Simple random sampling was used to sample 398 female members who participated in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires and key informant interview guides. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The findings indicated that Level of education and age have a significant influence on women participation with both variables having a p value of 0.000. The findings also indicate that organizational policy strategies significantly affect women participation in agricultural cooperatives at p=0.000 and r=0.33. The study recommends that agricultural cooperatives should institute policies that favor women participation such as coopting some women members.

Determinants of the Performance of Mortgage-Financed Construction Projects in Kenya: A Literature Review Perspective

Julius M. Muigai, Shadrack Mutungi, Gerryshom Munala, James M. Kiambigi — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Kenya has seen a steady increase, from 8% in 2008 to 9% in 2014 and 14% in 2020, despite concerted governmental efforts to reduce pneumonia-related mortality in children under five. The prevalence of pneumonia in Kenya stands at 16%, higher than the regional average of 14% across Africa. This study sought to evaluate pneumonia prevalence, its determinants, spatial distribution, and household response strategies. An empirical and theoretical review formed the foundation of the research, drawing on germ theory and protective motivation theory. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach combining questionnaires and key informant interviews. The sample size of the study was 391 respondents who were selected using snowball sampling. Data analysis was done using frequencies, percentages, and Chi-square tests. The findings indicated that the pneumonia prevalence rate among children under five in the study area remained high (36%), across key indicators such as cough, breathing issues, and chest complications. The determinants of pneumonia prevalence included hereditary factors, humid cleaning practices, residential location, and frequency of exposure to overcrowded environments (p-value < 0.005). Child pneumonia prevalence in Ainamoi Sub-County.Findings present the three symptoms related to pneumonia: cough, breathing, and chest symptoms.

Determinants of Infrastructure Development in Kenya

Naftaly Mose, Kamal D. Moro — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Empirical research on the macroeconomic factors influencing infrastructure development has yielded inconclusive results, with significant variations observed across studies. This study examines the determinants of infrastructure development in Kenya using a time series data analysis framework, with data spanning from 2003 to 2024. The study’s main estimates use the generalized-method-of-moments (GMM) estimator that allows us to account for the potential endogeneity of the infrastructure and explanatory variables through the use of instruments. The results of this study showed that economic growth, public debt, and foreign direct investment have a significant positive influence on infrastructure development in Kenya. Interestingly, urbanization does not have a significant impact, suggesting that this factor may be less influential in infrastructure expansion. These results have significant policy implications. In order to promote infrastructure development, Kenya needs to achieve sustainable economic growth, manage public debt cautiously, and attract foreign direct investment. These findings underline the need for tailored infrastructure development policies that account for the unique macroeconomic structures and policies that influence infrastructure development and facilitate additional investment in infrastructure in Kenya.

Impact of Project Management Adoption as Enabler for Successful Financial Technology Performance: A Case of Mobile Banking Application in Kenya

Mutuku Muli — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The phenomenon of financial technology (FinTech) innovation, particularly mobile banking, has brought positive changes to the banking industry by enhancing access to services, speed, and customer orientation. However, such technologies, even if properly designed, are not successfully used in all circumstances, especially concerning complex ones that require management. This study investigates the effects of project management practices on the performance of mobile banking applications in the financial technology industry in Kenya. It focuses on the extent to which project management improves effectiveness, security, and customer satisfaction, and the ambiguity surrounding the influence of project management frameworks on the implementation of FinTech projects. Evidence from existing literature suggests, that the absence of progression in the operation of mobile banking is largely attributed to poor project management processes with the absence of appropriate structures such as agile or PRINCE2 as reasons why there is stagnant growth. Appropriate project management practices enhance mobile banking applications by optimizing resource utilization, managing risks, and integrating user feedback, thereby enhancing the reliability, security, and usability of the apps. The results reveal that the enhancement of mobile banking services through efficient project management approaches will offer useful recommendations for the developers, financial service providers and policymakers. Of these, the findings highlight the issue of using project management in FinTech projects for better achievement of user needs, compliance, and reasonable rate of novelty.

Assessment of Parental Control of Online Content for Children in Nairobi

Anne A. Eboi, John Ndavula — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The paper examines parental control of online content for children in Nairobi. Using a descriptive research design, data was collected from 100 respondents in churches, neighborhoods, and school WhatsApp groups. Interviews were conducted with 8 key informants drawn from civil society and parental organisations. Findings reveal frequent social media use by both parents and children, with many parents struggling to utilize parental control tools effectively, highlighting a need for training. Urban children often outpace their parents in tech skills, while rural parents remain less aware of internet risks. Stakeholders are actively educating parents, but stricter online registration processes and targeted awareness programs are crucial. The paper recommends government-led campaigns and school-based initiatives to enhance digital literacy and safety.

Determinants, Prevalence and Spatial Variation of Pneumonia Among Children Under Five Years in Ainamoi Sub-County, Kericho County, Kenya

Nicholas Tonui, Kennedy N. Ondimu, Amon M. Karanja — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Cost of Compliance: Evaluating Safety and Health Regulations in Kenya’s Construction Industry

Jacquelyne J. Legishion, Isabella N. Wachira-Towey, Owiti A. K’Akumu — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The construction industry makes a significant contribution to Kenya's economic growth by boosting employment, infrastructure, and GDP. Despite the critical importance of managing cost, quality, and time for project success, persistent safety and health issues highlight ongoing failures. Notwithstanding its importance, the cost of safety and health compliance remains under researched. This paper examines the impact of the cost of safety and health compliance in Kenya's construction sector, filling a gap in the existing literature. Grounded in Systems, Principal-Agent, Public Choice, and Regulatory Capture theories, it employs a pragmatism paradigm and a mixed-methods approach. A sample of 210 safety officers and site supervisors in Nairobi were randomly selected, achieving a 78% response rate. A linear regression analysis assessed the influence of compliance costs on safety and health practices in the Nairobi construction sector, revealing that compliance costs account for 66.9% of the variance (η² = 0.669, β = 0.818, ρ < .001), indicating a significant impact. This study recommends integrating safety and health costs into contract documents such as Bills of Quantities to improve budgeting transparency and regulatory adherence. The inclusion of standardised safety and health line items, such as the procurement of safety equipment and PPE, statutory costs, and the engagement of safety officers, are proposed to enhance the safety culture at worksites. These measures aim to optimise risk mitigation and resource allocation, providing actionable insights for Kenyan policymakers and industry stakeholders.

Development of A Blockchain-Based National Patient Identification System for Seamless Healthcare Access in Kenya

Paul Simat, Andrew M. Kahonge — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Kenya’s healthcare system is fragmented, with challenges in patient identification, data sharing, and ensuring data security. This project addresses these issues by designing and implementing Sim-Health, a blockchain-based national patient identification system. Sim-Health incorporates three modules: the Patient Identification Module, which assigns unique, tamper-proof IDs; the Data Sharing Module, which facilitates secure and interoperable sharing of patient data; and the Data Security Module, ensuring compliance with the Data Protection Act of 2019.Evaluation shows that Sim-Health has the potential to reduce duplicate records, improve interoperability, and enhance data security in healthcare facilities across Kenya. The findings underscore the viability of blockchain in addressing pressing healthcare challenges while ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks

Effects of Project Management Adoption as Enabler for Successful Financial Technology Performance: A Case of Mobile Banking Application in Kenya

Muli Mutuku, Dorothy B. Chege — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study seeks to establish how project management approaches, namely Agile and PRINCE2, affect the development and implementation of mobile banking apps in Kenya. The implementation issues investigated in the study include those relating to efficiency, security and customer satisfaction of mobiles banking projects. The methodology incorporated a mixed method approach in which secondary data analysis and qualitative interviewing of stakeholders in the management of mobile banking projects were amalgamated. The results indicate that Agile, as well as PRINCE2, influences the success of mobile banking applications positively, and their success depends on the project scope and framework. Agile works well in small-scale projects that are dynamic in nature whereas PRINCE2 is best in large and complex projects. The study stresses the key learning points to consider optimizing the project management in the FinTech industry, which has become relevant to enhancing the mobile banking service. The paper also suggests future research on the flexibility of these management methods in other various situations around the world where leadership and team performance are fundamentally essential in making a project succeed. Theoretical contributions involve the enhanced comprehending of the way the project management techniques can be customized to suit particular types of projects which would provide guidance to practitioners and researchers in the field.

Church Strategies in Conflict Management Among Communities Bordering the Borabu-Sotik Border in Kenya

James M. Nyang’au, Eric Ogwora, Maurice Ogolla — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Cross-border conflicts remain a persistent global challenge, with recent ethnic and communal tensions significantly affecting African regions such as Kenya. Despite initiatives by governments and NGOs to promote peace and implement preventive measures, conflicts persist, particularly along the Borabu-Sotik border, where disputes between local communities have escalated. This research adopts a qualitative approach and descriptive statistics, concentrating on churches in the Borabu-Sotik border area, including SDA, PAG, and Catholic congregations, with a target population of 7,738 participants.This study explores the potential of church strategies in managing conflicts, emphasising how local community efforts can foster regional peace and stability. It highlights the limitations of existing conflict management strategies and examines the possibility of communal actions playing a more significant role in resolving these disputes. The primary objective of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of communal initiatives in conflict management among the communities residing along the Borabu-Sotik border.The research utilised purposive and simple random sampling techniques to determine a sample size of 392 participants, which included 35 church leaders and 357 church members. Proportionate sampling methods were applied to classify the sample based on church affiliations. Stratified random sampling was employed to choose the respondents, who were then provided with questionnaires. Data collection instruments consisted of interview schedules for church leaders, questionnaires for church members, focus group discussions, and a checklist. Descriptive statistics, including percentages, means, and standard deviations, were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

Board Characteristics and the Readability of Sustainability Reports of Listed Companies in East Africa

James Ndegwa — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

There is a significant risk that sustainability reports can be manipulated to give a better impression of a firm’s sustainability performance than the actual performance. Sustainability reports need to be readable to enable users of financial statements to monitor the actions of management with respect to the firm’s sustainability performance. The board of directors is charged with the responsibility of the preparation of financial statements including sustainability reports therein. This research thus sets out to investigate whether board characteristics affect the readability of sustainability reports. The study employed Flesch readability ease and Fog readability indices. The explanatory research design was employed a census approach was used in studying 15 listed firms across East African security exchanges that voluntarily prepared sustainability reports during the 5-year study period between years 2017 to 2022. The purposive sampling method was employed that focused on listed firms in the NSE that had published sustainability reports during the study period. The study results indicated female directorships had a significant and positive relationship with the readability of sustainability reports in companies listed in East Africa security exchanges. The findings implied that the more female directors in a board, the more the readability of sustainability reports. Policymakers and owners of the listed firms in EA security exchanges should thus take note of these findings in order to make the sustainability reports more readable. Listed firms in Kenya should consider increasing the proportion of female directors in order to enhance the readability of sustainability reports.

Understanding Patterns of Homophily in Social Media Usage Among Journalists at the Nation Media Group, Kenya

Samuel L. Kitui, Peter M. Lumala, Erneo N. Nyamboga — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study investigates patterns of homophily in social media usage among journalists at the Nation Media Group (NMG) in Kenya. With the increasing integration of social media platforms into journalistic practices, understanding how journalists interact within their social networks on these platforms is crucial for comprehending information flow, diversity of perspectives, and implications for news production and audience engagement. The rationale for this study lies in the limited research on homophily patterns among journalists within the Kenyan media landscape, particularly within prominent media organisations like NMG. By examining the extent to which journalists’ social media networks reflect homophily and the implications for their professional practices, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of social media integration in journalism. Guided by the Hybridity Media Theory, this research employs a Pragmatic paradigm, explanatory sequential mixed method approach and survey design. With the aid of SPSS, quantitative data were analyzed statistically while with the aid of NVIVO - 12, qualitative data were analyzed thematically. From the population of 868 journalists, the investigation targeted 267 journalists using a published table for selecting sample sizes as put forth by Israel. Additionally, purposive sampling was used to select 5 management personnel from NMG's various platforms. Key findings indicate varying degrees of homophily among journalists’ social media networks, influenced by factors such as shared professional interests, ideological alignment, and personal affiliations. These patterns of homophily have implications for information diversity, news sourcing practices, and audience engagement strategies within NMG. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of social media usage among journalists at NMG, highlighting the presence of homophily and its implications for journalistic practices. By recognizing and addressing patterns of homophily, news organizations can strive for greater diversity of perspectives, enhance information sourcing strategies, and foster more inclusive audience engagement approaches.