Determinants of National Cohesion in Kenyan Universities: The Role of Co-Curricular Activities, Training Programs, and Institutional Policies

Abstract

This study investigated the determinants of national cohesion in Kenyan universities, focusing on the influence of co-curricular activities, training programs, and institutional policies. The research was conducted in five public universities in Kenya, selected purposively based on criteria including possession of a charter, over a decade of existence, and a history of ethnic conflicts that disrupted learning. Using a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design, the study engaged a sample of 384 respondents. Students were selected through simple random sampling to complete questionnaires with multiple-choice questions, while deans, department heads, and faculty members were purposively selected for semi-structured interviews. Data collection and analysis were ongoing, with questionnaire data analysed using SPSS prior to conducting interviews. The findings revealed that co-curricular activities play a crucial role in promoting intercultural understanding, personal development, and community building, enabling students to appreciate diversity and establish meaningful relationships. Training programs were identified as essential in instilling values of tolerance and respect; however, limited awareness of these initiatives highlighted the need for more effective communication strategies to amplify their impact. Institutional policies, such as the establishment of International Students Offices, support for diverse social clubs, and initiatives like Kenyatta University’s ‘Nyumba Kumi,’ were shown to support diversity and mutual responsibility. Nevertheless, many participants reported limited awareness or neutrality toward these policies, emphasizing the necessity of enhanced awareness campaigns. The study concludes that universities can foster national cohesion by strengthening the design and implementation of co-curricular activities, expanding and effectively communicating training programs on tolerance, and raising awareness of institutional policies. These efforts can collectively promote a shared understanding of national cohesion and contribute to a more inclusive and harmonious society.